Table 1.
Patient Characteristics Stratified by SA
| Variable | Entire Cohort (720) | SA Positive (142) | SA Negative (578) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 56 (11) | 57 (10) | 56 (11) | 0.57 |
| Male, n (%) | 531 (74) | 115 (81) | 416 (72) | 0.03 |
| Duration of AF, median (IQR) | 49 (29 to 82) | 50 (27 to 80) | 50 (29 to 84) | 0.86 |
| Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 249 (35) | 51 (36) | 198 (34) | 0.77 |
| Persistent atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 471 (65) | 91 (64) | 380 (66) | 0.69 |
| Prior AF ablation, n (%) | 173 (24) | 30 (21) | 143 (25) | 0.38 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 106 (15) | 33 (23) | 73 (13) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension | 365 (51) | 90 (63) | 275 (48) | 0.0007 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 56 (8) | 12 (8) | 44 (8) | 1.00 |
| Heart failure | 186 (26) | 42 (30) | 144 (25) | 0.29 |
| Sleep apnea | 142 (20) | 142 (100) | 0 (0) | — |
| Valvular heart disease | 77 (11) | 6 (4) | 71 (12) | 0.004 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 34 (5) | 5 (4) | 29 (5) | 0.66 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 240 (33) | 50 (35) | 190 (33) | 0.62 |
| Alcohol excess | 59 (8) | 14 (10) | 45 (8) | 0.65 |
| Family history AF | 88 (12) | 12 (8) | 76 (13) | 0.15 |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||
| Aspirin | 325 (45) | 67 (47) | 258 (45) | 0.64 |
| β‐Blocker | 491 (68) | 98 (69) | 393 (68) | 0.84 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 164 (23) | 39 (27) | 125 (22) | 0.15 |
| ACE/ARB | 261 (36) | 64 (45) | 197 (34) | 0.02 |
| Class 1 antiarrhythmic | 162 (23) | 25 (18) | 137 (34) | 0.14 |
| Class 3 antiarrhythmic | 335 (47) | 77 (54) | 258 (45) | 0.05 |
| Digoxin | 64 (9) | 14 (10) | 50 (9) | 0.39 |
| Spironolactone | 19 (3) | 4 (3) | 15 (3) | 0.78 |
| Diuretics | 126 (18) | 35 (25) | 91 (16) | 0.02 |
| Statin | 222 (31) | 44 (31) | 178 (31) | 0.61 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.5 (5) | 32.5 (6) | 29 (5) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 127 (17) | 127 (19) | 127 (17) | 0.81 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 75 (12) | 77 (11) | 75 (12) | 0.06 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 73 (17) | 73 (17) | 72 (17) | 0.77 |
| ECG parameters | ||||
| Sinus rhythm at presentation | 459 (65) | 85 (60) | 374 (65) | 0.29 |
| AV delay, ms | 172 (31) | 177 (32) | 171 (31) | 0.18 |
| QRS duration, ms | 96 (15) | 96 (13) | 96 (16) | 0.77 |
| QTc duration, ms | 442 (33) | 442 (31) | 441 (33) | 0.61 |
| LVH by ECG (Sokolov criteria) | 56 (8) | 16 (11) | 40 (7) | 0.11 |
| GFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 83 (17) | 83 (16) | 83 (17) | 0.77 |
All data are number (percentage) or mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. ACE/ARB indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; AF, atrial fibrillation; AV, atrioventricular; BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula done at the time of the CMR; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; SA, sleep apnea.