Table 3.
Characteristics of Participants With SA and Stratified by Treatment Group
| Variable | Total SA Cohort (142) | SA Treated Group (71) | SA Untreated Group (71) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 57 (10) | 56 (9) | 57 (10) | 0.60 |
| Male, n (%) | 115 (81) | 60 (85) | 55 (77) | 0.39 |
| Duration of AF, median (IQR) | 50 (27 to 80) | 49 (35 to 84) | 52 (28 to 73) | 0.75 |
| Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 51 (36) | 32 (45) | 19 (27) | 0.04 |
| Persistent atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 91 (64) | 39 (55) | 52 (73) | 0.04 |
| Prior AF ablation, n (%) | 30 (21) | 11 (15) | 19 (27) | 0.15 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 33 (23) | 16 (23) | 17 (24) | 1.00 |
| Hypertension | 90 (63) | 47 (66) | 43 (61) | 0.61 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 12 (8) | 6 (8) | 6 (8) | 1.00 |
| Heart failure | 42 (30) | 18 (25) | 24 (34) | 0.36 |
| Valvular heart disease | 6 (4) | 2 (3) | 4 (6) | 0.68 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 5 (4) | 3 (4) | 2 (3) | 1.00 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 50 (35) | 25 (35) | 25 (35) | 1.00 |
| Alcohol excess | 14 (10) | 9 (13) | 5 (7) | 0.40 |
| Family history AF | 12 (8) | 6 (8) | 6 (8) | 1.00 |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||
| Aspirin | 67 (47) | 37 (53) | 30 (49) | 0.31 |
| β‐Blocker | 98 (69) | 48 (68) | 50 (70) | 0.86 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 39 (27) | 20 (28) | 19 (27) | 1.00 |
| ACE/ARB | 64 (45) | 29 (41) | 35 (49) | 0.40 |
| Class 1 antiarrhythmic | 25 (18) | 14 (20) | 11 (15) | 0.66 |
| Class 3 antiarrhythmic | 77 (54) | 36 (51) | 41 (58) | 0.51 |
| Digoxin | 14 (10) | 7 (10) | 7 (10) | 1.00 |
| Spironolactone | 4 (3) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 1.00 |
| Diuretics | 35 (25) | 13 (18) | 22 (31) | 0.12 |
| Statin | 44 (31) | 21 (30) | 23 (32) | 0.86 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.5 (6) | 32.3 (6) | 32.7 (5) | 0.62 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 127 (19) | 124 (17) | 131 (18) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77 (11) | 77 (11) | 76 (9) | 0.23 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 73 (17) | 72 (17) | 74 (18) | 0.66 |
| ECG parameters | ||||
| Sinus rhythm at presentation | 85 (60) | 44 (62) | 41 (58) | 0.73 |
| AV delay, ms | 177 (32) | 174 (33) | 180 (31) | 0.39 |
| QRS duration, ms | 96 (13) | 96 (12) | 97 (15) | 0.85 |
| QTc duration, ms | 442 (31) | 440 (30) | 445 (32) | 0.42 |
| LVH by ECG (Sokolov criteria) | 16 (11) | 6 (8) | 10 (14) | 0.43 |
| GFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 83 (16) | 81 (16) | 85 (17) | 0.13 |
All data are number (percentage) or mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. ACE/ARB indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula done at the time of the CMR; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; SA, sleep apnea.