Table 4.
Multivariable‐Adjusted Cross‐Sectional Associations of Circulating PUFAs With CVD Risk Factors in MESA
| n | Quartiles of Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids | P trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| EPA, % total FA (median) | 0.39 | 0.6 | 0.86 | 1.62 | ||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 125.7 (0.8) | 125.8 (0.7) | 125.8 (0.7) | 126.7 (0.8) | 0.34 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 71.7 (0.4) | 71.5 (0.4) | 72.1 (0.4) | 72.3 (0.4) | 0.22 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2833 | 130.3 (3.7) | 139.4 (3.5) | 142.3 (3.1) | 130.7 (3) | 0.44 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 2833 | 49.6 (0.5) | 50.8 (0.4) | 51.2 (0.5) | 50.7 (0.5) | 0.33 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 2788 | 115.3 (1.2) | 116.8 (1.1) | 116.3 (1.2) | 119.8 (1.2) | 0.01 |
| Total:HDL‐C | 2833 | 4.1 (0.05) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 0.99 |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 2774 | 1.6 (0.05) | 1.6 (0.05) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.4 (0.04) | 0.01 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2826 | 4.2 (0.3) | 3.6 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.2) | 0.06 |
| sTNF‐R1, pg/mL | 2834 | 1418 (16) | 1363 (16) | 1359 (15) | 1320 (13) | <0.0001 |
| DPA, % total FA (median) | 0.72 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 1.21 | ||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 126.3 (0.7) | 126.8 (0.8) | 124.4 (0.7) | 126.6 (0.7) | 0.75 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 72 (0.3) | 72 (0.4) | 71.6 (0.4) | 72 (0.4) | 0.92 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2833 | 131.2 (3.4) | 131.7 (3.6) | 135.6 (3.1) | 145.2 (3.1) | 0.003 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 2833 | 51.4 (0.5) | 50.3 (0.4) | 51 (0.4) | 49.4 (0.5) | 0.01 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 2788 | 112.8 (1.2) | 115 (1.1) | 120.6 (1.1) | 120 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
| Total:HDL‐C | 2833 | 4 (0.05) | 4 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.3 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 2774 | 1.6 (0.05) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.4 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2826 | 4.2 (0.2) | 3.7 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 2.8 (0.1) | <0.0001 |
| sTNF‐R1, pg/mL | 2834 | 1344 (15) | 1380 (17) | 1354 (14) | 1389 (17) | 0.11 |
| DHA, % total FA (median) | 2.5 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 6.0 | ||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 126.8 (0.8) | 125.2 (0.7) | 126 (0.8) | 126.1 (0.8) | 0.80 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 71.9 (0.4) | 71.5 (0.3) | 72.2 (0.4) | 72 (0.4) | 0.68 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2833 | 142.1 (5.1) | 135.4 (2.6) | 133.6 (2.7) | 131.6 (3.1) | 0.08 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 2833 | 51.7 (0.5) | 50.2 (0.5) | 50.5 (0.5) | 50 (0.5) | 0.07 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 2788 | 116 (1.4) | 117.2 (1.1) | 115.8 (1.2) | 119.1 (1.3) | 0.13 |
| Total:HDL‐C | 2833 | 4.1 (0.05) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 0.34 |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 2774 | 1.5 (0.05) | 1.6 (0.05) | 1.5 (0.05) | 1.4 (0.04) | 0.01 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2826 | 3.2 (0.2) | 4.1 (0.2) | 3.8 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.2) | 0.47 |
| sTNF‐R1, pg/mL | 2834 | 1409 (17) | 1358 (15) | 1374 (17) | 1323 (15) | 0.003 |
| EPA+DPA+DHA, % total FA (median) | 3.9 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 8.7 | ||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 2834 | 126.3 (0.8) | 125.6 (0.7) | 126.1 (0.8) | 125.9 (0.8) | 0.84 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 2834 | 71.8 (0.4) | 71.7 (0.3) | 72.1 (0.4) | 72.1 (0.4) | 0.59 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2833 | 137 (4.5) | 137.1 (2.9) | 138.6 (2.8) | 129.9 (3) | 0.13 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 2833 | 51.9 (0.5) | 49.9 (0.5) | 50.3 (0.5) | 50.2 (0.5) | 0.15 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 2788 | 114.9 (1.3) | 117.9 (1.2) | 115.2 (1.2) | 120.2 (1.3) | 0.013 |
| Total:HDL‐C | 2833 | 4 (0..05) | 4.2 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 0.28 |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 2774 | 1.6 (0.05) | 1.6 (0.05) | 1.5 (0.05) | 1.3 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2826 | 3.6 (0.2) | 3.9 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.4 (0.2) | 0.42 |
| sTNF‐R1, pg/mL | 2834 | 1389.2 (16.3) | 1385 (16.6) | 1370.5 (16.8) | 1317 (14) | 0.001 |
| Plant n‐3 PUFA | ||||||
| ALA, % total FA (median) | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.25 | ||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 125.9 (0.6) | 125.7 (0.8) | 125.6 (0.7) | 126.8 (0.8) | 0.25 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 71.5 (0.3) | 72.5 (0.4) | 71.6 (0.3) | 72.2 (0.4) | 0.36 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2833 | 126.6 (2.3) | 132.6 (3.4) | 139.1 (3.4) | 146.9 (4.4) | <0.0001 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 2833 | 50 (0.4) | 50.7 (0.5) | 50.6 (0.4) | 51.2 (0.5) | 0.08 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 2788 | 118.6 (1.1) | 119.3 (1.3) | 115.9 (1.1) | 114 (1.2) | 0.002 |
| Total:HDL‐C | 2833 | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.05) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.05) | 0.22 |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 2774 | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.05) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.05) | 0.92 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2826 | 4.0 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.2 (0.2) | 0.02 |
| sTNF‐R1, pg/mL | 2834 | 1350 (13) | 1355 (17) | 1375 (15) | 1385 (17) | 0.08 |
| n‐6 PUFA | ||||||
| LA, % total FA (median) | 17.6 | 20.2 | 22.4 | 25.2 | ||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 126.7 (0.7) | 126.7 (0.7) | 125.4 (0.7) | 125.2 (0.8) | 0.09 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 72.2 (0.4) | 72.1 (0.4) | 71.8 (0.3) | 71.5 (0.4) | 0.17 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2833 | 146.2 (3) | 136.3 (2.7) | 129.7 (2.8) | 130.3 (4.7) | 0.001 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 2833 | 50.8 (0.5) | 50.2 (0.4) | 50.1 (0.4) | 51.3 (0.5) | 0.53 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 2788 | 115.4 (1.3) | 118 (1.2) | 118.3 (1.1) | 116.4 (1.2) | 0.55 |
| Total:HDL‐C | 2833 | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.05) | 0.69 |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 2774 | 1.4 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.6 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.05) | 0.07 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2826 | 4.2 (0.3) | 3.4 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.2 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| sTNF‐R1, pg/mL | 2834 | 1346.7 (14.9) | 1349.5 (13) | 1376.1 (17.5) | 1390 (16) | 0.04 |
| AA, % total FA (median) | 9.0 | 11.0 | 12.8 | 15.1 | ||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 126 (0.8) | 125.7 (0.7) | 126.1 (0.7) | 126.1 (0.8) | 0.79 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 2834 | 72 (0.4) | 71.6 (0.4) | 72.1 (0.4) | 71.9 (0.4) | 0.89 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2833 | 145.2 (4.7) | 132.1 (2.9) | 134.8 (3) | 130.5 (2.7) | 0.012 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 2833 | 48.9 (0.5) | 50.8 (0.5) | 50 (0.5) | 52.6 (0.5) | <0.0001 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 2788 | 117 (1.2) | 118.6 (1.2) | 117.1 (1.2) | 115.4 (1.3) | 0.23 |
| Total:HDL‐C | 2833 | 4.3 (0.05) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 3.9 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 2774 | 1.6 (0.05) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.05) | 0.060 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2826 | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 4.2 (0.3) | 0.03 |
| sTNF‐R1, pg/mL | 2834 | 1435.8 (17.2) | 1349.3 (14.6) | 1343 (15.6) | 1335 (16) | <0.0001 |
| LA+AA, % total FA (median) | 30.1 | 32.6 | 34.4 | 36.7 | ||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 2834 | 127.3 (0.7) | 126.6 (0.7) | 125.8 (0.7) | 124.3 (0.7) | 0.004 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 2834 | 72.6 (0.4) | 71.9 (0.4) | 71.8 (0.3) | 71.3 (0.4) | 0.01 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2833 | 150.6 (3.1) | 143.2 (3.6) | 128.6 (2.7) | 119.9 (3.6) | <0.0001 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 2833 | 49.2 (0.5) | 50.2 (0.5) | 50.9 (0.4) | 52 (0.5) | <0.0001 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 2788 | 116.8 (1.2) | 118 (1.1) | 117.4 (1.2) | 115.9 (1.2) | 0.54 |
| Total:HDL‐C | 2833 | 4.2 (0.04) | 4.2 (0.04) | 4.1 (0.04) | 4 (0.04) | <0.0001 |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 2774 | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.05) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.04) | 0.54 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2826 | 3.7 (0.2) | 3.6 (0.2) | 3.7 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.2) | 0.25 |
| sTNF‐R1, pg/mL | 2834 | 1389.3 (14.7) | 1349.5 (15.4) | 1369.7 (15) | 1354 (16) | 0.20 |
Values are mean (SE). Means are adjusted for age (years), sex, race/ethnicity (white, African American, Hispanic, Chinese), education (<high school, high school, some college, college graduate), field center, smoking status (never, former, current) and pack‐years of cigarette smoking, prevalent diabetes (yes, no), alcohol use (g/day), physical activity (active and inactive leisure, MET‐min/week), and body mass index. (kg/m2). AA indicates arachidonic acid; ALA, alpha‐linolenic acid; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C‐reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL, interleukin; LA, linoleic acid; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MESA, Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; MET, metabolic equivalent; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids SE, standard error of the mean; sTNF‐R1, tumor necrosis factor‐α soluble receptor 1.