Table 3.
Ongoing Studies of Mobile Technology for Cardiac Rehabilitation for Ischemic Heart Disease
| Author/Year/Country | Design/Duration | Theoretical Foundation | Non‐mHealth Components | mHealth Components | Intervention | Control | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Walters23 2010 Australia |
RCT 6 weeks (intensive) 6 months (follow‐up) |
None | In‐person assessment. Individual goal setting with Mentor. Weekly mentoring sessions. Recommendation for walking‐based exercise program. | Smartphone application with step counting, goal setting, diaries (weight, blood pressure, physical activity), visual feedback, text message reminders, educational videos, web portal. Subset will also have ECG and HR monitoring. | Smartphone application plus counseling (N=100). Smartphone application with ECG and HR monitoring plus counseling (N=15) |
Outpatient center‐based CR (N=100) |
Usability: survey Participation: dropout rates Physical Activity: self‐reported and objectively measured (primary outcome). Exercise Capacity: 6MWT Risk Factors: BMI, BP, smoking, alcohol, lipids, HbA1c, med adherence, Diet habits questionnaire Health Status: EQ‐5D, Health Outcome Questionnaire, SAQ, Psychologic functioning Cost: facility, technology, return‐to‐work Events: hospitalizations and death |
| Maddison24 2011 New Zealand |
RCT 24 weeks |
Self‐efficacy Theory | In‐person assessment and exercise prescription. Pedometer provided. Web portal for entry of physical activity, viewing videos, educational material. | SMS messages (personalized) for behavioral support to promote self‐efficacy. | In‐person assessment, personalized SMS messages and web portal. (N=85) | Referral to community‐based CR. (N=85) |
Participation: defined as at least 1 exercise session Physical Activity: IPAQ, Phone diary Exercise Capacity: Treadmill VO2max (primary outcome), 6MWT. Risk Factors: BMI, waist and hip circumference, BP Health Status: self‐efficacy, SF‐36, EQ‐5D Cost: program and medical Events: illness, signs and symptoms |
| Antypas25 2012 Norway |
Cluster RCT 1 year |
Self‐efficacy, Health Action Process Approach, Stages of Change | Completion of 4‐week center‐based CR program. Internet‐based self‐management program. Enhanced version includes tailoring of content and messages. | SMS reminder messages to fill out questionnaires. | Enhanced version of internet‐based self management program. (N=8 clusters of 15 each) | Internet‐based self management program. (N=8 clusters of 15 each) |
Usability: log‐in data, evaluation Physical Activity: IPAQ (primary outcome) Risk Factors: smoking, alcohol use Health Status: self‐efficacy, Hosptial Anxiety and Depression, social support, EQ‐5D Costs: return‐to‐work |
| Alsaleh26 2012 Jordan |
RCT 6 months |
Social Cognitive Theory, Self‐efficacy Theory | In‐person assessment and advice for CR. Physical activity diary. | Personalized SMS motivational messages (1/week×3 months then 1/2 weeks×3 months). | Personalized program and SMS messages. (N=71) | Advice from providers on physical activity. (N=85) |
Usability: evaluation survey Physical Activity: IPAQ (primary outcome) Health Status: self‐efficacy, Mac‐New Heart Disease Questionnaire |
6MWT, 6‐minute walk test; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; ECG, electrocardiogram; EQ‐5D, European quality of life—5 dimensions; HR, heart rate; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; RCT, randomized clinical trial; SAQ, Seattle Angina Questionnaire; SF‐36, short form 36; SMS, short message service.