Figure 23.

HSP70 can activate TLR2 signaling in vivo. A and B, NF‐κB activity (A) and gene expression levels of IL‐1β (Il1β), IL‐6 (Il6), and TNF‐α (Tnfα) (B) at 24 hours after intravenous injection of human recombinant HSP70 or vehicle in Tlr2^+/+ and Tlr2^−/− hearts (n=3). Free p65 levels in the nucleus were normalized to protein levels. Expression levels of each gene were normalized to those of GAPDH (Gapdh). WT, Tlr2^+/+ mice; KO, Tlr2^−/− mice. *P<0.05 vs vehicle; ^†P<0.05 vs Tlr2^+/+ mice. HSP indicates heat shock protein; IL, interleukin; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase; NF, nuclear factor; TLR, Toll‐like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; WT, wild‐type.