Table 4.
Effects of Testosterone Replacement Therapy on Indices of Glycemic Control
| Study Name | Testosterone Formulation Used | Sample Size | End Points Measured | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corona et al26 (meta‐analysis, n=37 studies) | Various formulations (meta‐analysis) | 1822 Diabetic men and 10 009 nondiabetic men (meta‐analysis) | HgA1c, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides | ● HgA1c decreased by 0.76% with TRT ● Fasting plasma glucose decreased by 1.18 mmol/L with TRT ● TG decreased by 0.67 with TRT |
| Jones et al68 (DBRCT) | TD* | 220 Hypogonadal men with T2DM and/or MetS | HOMA‐IR, HgA1c, body composition | ● HOMA‐IR decreased by 15.2% after 6 months with TRT (P=0.018) ● HOMA‐IR decreased by 16.4% after 12 months with TRT (P=0.006) ● HgA1c decreased by 0.44% after 9 months with TRT (P=0.035) |
| Kapoor et al69 (DBPCC) | IM* | 24 Hypogonadal men with T2DM | HOMA‐IR, HgA1c, fasting plasma glucose | ● HOMA‐IR decreased by 1.73 in TRT group (P=0.02) ● HgA1c decreased by 0.37% in TRT group (P=0.03) ● Fasting plasma glucose decreased by 1.58 mmol/L in TRT group (P=0.03) |
| Heufelder et al70 (SBRCT) | TD* | 16 Hypogonadal men with T2DM | HOMA‐IR, HgA1c, fasting plasma glucose | ● HOMA‐IR decreased by 4.2 in TRT group (P<0.001) ● HgA1c decreased by ≈1% after 13 weeks in TRT group (P<0.001) ● HgA1c decreased by ≈1.5% after 52 weeks in TRT group (P<0.001) ● Fasting plasma glucose decreased by 1.9 mmol/L in TRT group (P=0.062) |
| Kalinchenko et al71 (DBRCT) | IM* | 113 Hypogonadal men with MetS | HOMA‐IR, fasting plasma glucose, BMI, WC, waist‐to‐hip ratio | ● HOMA‐IR decreased by 1.49 in TRT group (overall P=0.04) ● No significant change in fasting plasma glucose in TRT group ● Significant reduction in BMI, weight, waist–to‐hip ratio, hip circumference, and waist circumference in TRT group (P<0.001 for all except for waist‐to‐hip ratio; P=0.04 for waist‐to‐hip ratio) |
| Malkin et al72 (SBPCC) | IM* | 13 Men with CHF and no T2DM | HOMA‐IR, fasting plasma glucose, glucose tolerance, body composition | ● HOMA‐IR decreased by 1.9 in TRT (P=0.03) ● Fasting plasma glucose decreased by 0.61 mmol/L in TRT (P=0.03) ● Total body mass increased by 1.5 kg in TRT (P=0.008) ● Percent body fat decreased by 0.8% in TRT (P=0.02) |
BMI indicates body mass index; CHF, congestive heart failure; DBPCC, double‐blind placebo‐controlled cross over study; DBRCT, double‐blind randomized controlled trial; HgA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model of insulin resistance; IM, intramuscular; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBPCC, single‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover study; SBRCT, single‐blind randomized controlled trial; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TD, transdermal; TG, triglycerides; TRT, testosterone replacement therapy; WC, waist circumference.
Jones et al administered testosterone 2% gel 3‐g metered dose (60 mg testosterone) for 12 months.
Kapoor et al administered testosterone 200 mg IM once every 2 weeks for 3 months.
Heufelder et al administered testosterone gel 50 mg TD for 52 weeks.
Kalinchenko et al administered testosterone undecanoate 1000 mg IM given at baseline and after 6 and 18 weeks.
Malkin et al administered Sustanon 250 (testosterone propionate 30 mg, testosterone phenylpropionate 60 mg, testosterone isocaproate 60 mg, and testosterone decanoate 100 mg/mL) IM injection. Two IM injections were given 2 weeks apart.