Table 2.

P value summary for analyses of effect of prenatal negative controls and BPA doses (0, 5, 50, 500, 5000, and 50000), not including the DES-0.1 group. Column one shows results of standard ANOVAs using PROC GLM in SAS. Column 2 gives P values for comparison of two nested linear regression models, with and without a [log(dose)]2 term using the R statistical system. A significant result (indicated in bold) provides evidence that a U or inverted-U curve fits the data better than a simple linear fit, and indicates a nonmonotonic dose–response function. More complex functions were not evaluated.

Variable	Proc GLM ANOVA BPA doses	Multilevel regression Improvement of fit: quadratic over linear-only model
Body weight
Birth weight	=0.550	=0.420
Week 3 weight	=0.020	=0.019
Week 19 weight	=0.193	=0.069
Energy intake, weeks 3-4	=0.358	=0.033
Energy intake, weeks 4-5	=0.201	=0.028
Adipocytes
Gonadal fat weight	=0.017	=0.022
Renal fat weight	=0.019	=0.076
Total abdominal fat weight	=0.035	=0.047
Gonadal adipocyte number	=0.003	=0.002
Gonadal adipocyte volume	=0.006	=0.052
Renal adipocyte number	=0.011	=0.250
Renal adipocyte volume	=0.121	=0.654
Liver and kidney weight
Liver weight	=0.003	<0.001
Kidney weight	=0.137	=0.947
GTT and ITT
Glucose tolerance test	=0.062	=0.008
Insulin tolerance test	=0.144	=0.137
Serum hormones
Insulin	=0.008	=0.004
Leptin	=0.035	=0.349
Adiponectin	=0.031	=0.099