NOD2 is functionally active in human Treg cells. A, Luciferase assay using Treg cells transfected with the P106 NF-κB 3 luciferase reporter construct demonstrates significant increase in luciferase activity upon MDP treatment (mean relative light unit ± SE, unstimulated Treg 350 ± 15.0 versus stimulated Treg, 2767.0 ± 145.3; p < 0.05). B, At 30 min, both p50 and p65 active NF-κB subunits are present in the nucleus in samples treated with MDP (black column, 0.659 ± 0.086 and 0.243 ± 0.082, respectively) when compared with untreated cells (open column, 0.377 ± 0.092 and 0.112 ± 0.046, respectively). C, FACS analysis performed on freshly isolated Treg cells demonstrates robust activation of the p65 NF-κB subunit upon treatment with 1 μg MDP (70.46% positive cells) compared with untreated cells (28.36% positive cells). Short-term (15 min) stimulation with PMA serves as a relevant positive control (upper right panel).