Table 1.
| A Descriptive statistics for key variables: home health (HHA) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample n=399,616 |
non-VI hosp. n=270,165 |
VI hosp. N=129,451 |
||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| Patient characteristics | Mean | Stdv | Mean | Mean |
| Length of stay (days) | 5.86 | 4.96 | 5.89 | 5.86 |
| Age (years) | 78.1 | 7.56 | 78.1 | 78.2 |
| Male | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
| White | 0.88 | 0.32 | 0.87 | 0.91 |
| Black | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
| Number of comorbities | 1.45 | 1.18 | 1.44 | 1.46 |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.21 |
| Diabetes | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
| Cong. heart failure | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.11 |
| Distance to home from hospital (miles) | 18.4 | 28.5 | 19.0 | 17.1 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Vert. integrated into home health (VI_HOSP) | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Co-located with a home health center | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.13 |
| Rehospitalization rate | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
| For-profit | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 0.03 |
| Government | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.14 |
| Teaching hospital | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.23 | 0.21 |
| Total beds | 381 | 266 | 382 | 379 |
| Home health agency characteristics* | ||||
| Home health intensity (visits/day) | 0.38 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
| Vertically integrated (VI_HHA) | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.11 | 0.72 |
| Within firm transfer (VI_HOSP_TX) | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.65 |
| VI_HOSP to other HHA (VI_HOSP_EXT) | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.35 |
| VI_HOSP to non-VI_HHA (VI_EXT_NON) | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.28 |
| VI_HOSP to other VI_HHA (VI_EXT_VI) | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| Non-VI_HOSP to VI_HHA (VI_HHA_IN) | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
| Market characteristics (counties) | ||||
| Others vert. int. into home health (VI_HOSP-h) | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.36 |
| Hospital concentration | 752 | 1,288 | 691 | 878 |
| SNF concentration | 221 | 423 | 201 | 262 |
| Home health concentration | 508 | 675 | 488 | 550 |
| % population <9 yr school | 7.27 | 4.41 | 7.22 | 7.36 |
| % population college graduates | 23.62 | 9.47 | 24.43 | 21.93 |
| Median HH income ($K) | 47.25 | 12.44 | 48.04 | 45.62 |
| % population aged 65+ | 13.52 | 4.01 | 13.34 | 13.89 |
| Metropolitan area dummy | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0.84 | 0.72 |
| Population density (pop./square miles) | 2,018 | 6,764 | 2,407 | 1,209 |
| Hospital beds | 2,588 | 4,472 | 2,920 | 1,898 |
| Long term care hosp. beds | 182 | 406 | 207 | 131 |
| Skilled nursing facility beds | 3,894 | 6,566 | 4,291 | 3,071 |
| % 15–44 female pop. | 20.91 | 2.24 | 21.00 | 20.72 |
| HMO enrollment rate | 0.62 | 0.25 | 0.65 | 0.56 |
| B Descriptive statistics for key variables: skilled nursing facility (SNF) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample n=460,761 |
Non VI hosp. n=294,059 |
VI hospitals n=166,702 |
||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| Patient characteristics | Mean | Stdv | Mean | Mean |
| Length of stay (days) | 6.92 | 6.15 | 7.02 | 6.76 |
| Age (years) | 81.47 | 7.60 | 81.67 | 81.14 |
| Male | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.29 |
| White | 0.90 | 0.30 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| Black | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
| Number of comorbities | 1.71 | 1.21 | 1.71 | 1.69 |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.19 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.20 |
| Diabetes | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.18 |
| Cong. heart failure | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
| Hypertension | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
| Distance to home from hospital (miles) | 18.3 | 32.0 | 18.7 | 17.6 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Vertically integrated into SNF (VI_HOSP) | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Co-located with a SNF | 0.23 | 0.46 | 0.26 | 0.38 |
| Rehospitalization rate | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.19 |
| For-profit | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
| Government | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| Teaching hospital | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.17 |
| Total beds | 356 | 247 | 355 | 358 |
| Skilled nursing facility characteristics* | ||||
| Vertically integrated (VI_SNF) | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.53 |
| Within firm transfer (VI_HOSP_TX) | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.51 |
| VI_HOSP to other SNF (VI_HOSP_EXT) | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.49 |
| VI_HOSP to non-VI_SNF (VI_EXT_NON) | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.47 |
| VI_HOSP to other VI_SNF (VI_EXT_VI) | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| Non-VI_HOSP to VI_SNF (VI_SNF_IN) | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| Market characteristics (counties) | ||||
| Others vertically integrated (VI_HOSP-h) | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.32 |
| Hospital concentration | 744 | 1,279 | 762 | 711 |
| SNF concentration | 229 | 461 | 217 | 248 |
| Home health concentration | 493 | 658 | 509 | 464 |
| % population <9 yr school | 6.89 | 3.88 | 6.72 | 7.18 |
| % population college graduates | 24.15 | 9.42 | 24.93 | 22.77 |
| Median HH income ($K) | 48.20 | 12.34 | 49.29 | 46.28 |
| % population aged 65+ | 13.40 | 3.79 | 13.27 | 13.64 |
| Metropolitan area dummy | 0.81 | 0.39 | 0.83 | 0.76 |
| Population density (pop./square miles) | 1,644 | 5,006 | 1,862 | 1,260 |
| Hospital beds | 2,539 | 4,497 | 2,496 | 2,615 |
| Long term care hosp. beds | 181 | 382 | 172 | 195 |
| Skilled nursing facility beds | 3,991 | 6,748 | 3,944 | 4,072 |
| % 15–44 female pop. | 20.99 | 2.12 | 20.99 | 20.99 |
| HMO enrollment rate | 0.63 | 0.25 | 0.65 | 0.59 |
*
VI_HOSP = VI_HOSP_TX + VI_HOSP_EXT. VI_HOSP_EXT = VI_EXT_NON + VI_EXT_VI. VI_HHA = VI_HOSP_TX + VI_EXT_VI + VI_HHA_IN.
*
VI_HOSP = VI_HOSP_TX + VI_HOSP_EXT. VI_HOSP_EXT = VI_EXT_NON + VI_EXT_VI. VI_SNF = VI_HOSP_TX + VI_SNF_IN + VI_EXT_VI.