Table 1.
Characterized V. parahaemolyticus TTSS2 effectors.
| Effector | Gene | Biological activity | Effect on host cells | V. cholerae AM19226 TTSS2α Homologue (% ID)a | V. cholerae 1587 TTSS2β Homologue (% ID) | V. parahaemolyticus TH3996 TTSS2β Homologue (% ID) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VopC | VPA1321 | Activation of Rac and Cdc42 by deamidation | Invasion of non-phagocytic cells | –b | VopC (48) | VopC (50) |
| VopT | VPA1327 | ADP-ribosylation of Ras | Cytotoxicity | – | – | – |
| VopZ | VPA1336 | Inhibition of TAK1, and downstream MAPK and NF-κB | Enterotoxicity, colonization | VopZ (50) | VopZ (25) | – |
| VopA/VopP | VPA1346 | Inhibition of MAPK by acetylation of MKK | Growth inhibition in yeast | – | VopP (63) | VopP (64) |
| VopV | VPA1357 | Actin binding and bundling | Enterotoxicity by fluid accumulation and blunting of villi | VopM (55) | VopM (38) | – |
| VopL | VPA1370 | Actin nucleation | Formation of stress filaments, altered cell shape | VopF (62) | VopN (38) | VopL (36) |
a
% amino acid identity to the corresponding V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2201633 TTSS2 effector.
b
Designates less than 20% amino acid identity to any protein in the strain.