FIG. 2.

Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by TIPE2 in T cells. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and NF-κB pathways were found to be regulated by the TIPE2 action in T cells. TIPE2 can inhibit activation of AP-1 and NF-κB, and it is also an essential negative regulator of TLR and T cell receptor signal activation. In addition, TIPE2 may significantly enhance the immune suppressive activity in Tregs via influencing the levels of cytokines and receptors. NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; TIPE2, TNF-α induced protein 8 like-2; TLR, Toll-like receptors.