Table 4.
Summaries of Depression, Fatigue, Psychological Distress, and Quality of Life (N=46)
| Study Group | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| MLD (N=16) | LLLT (N=15) | Combined MLT & LLLT (N=15) | |
| Median [IQR] (Min,Max) | Median [IQR] (Min,Max) | Median [IQR] (Min,Max) | |
| CESD (p = .985) | |||
| Baseline | 13.0 [11,19] (8,31) | 12.0 [9,15] (7,20) | 12.0 [10,13] (9,38) |
| End of Study | 14.0 [9,21] (8,29) | 12.0 [8,14] (7,23) | 11.0 [9,15] (8,22) |
| Effect Size | 0.00 | −0.06 | −0.04 |
| Brief Fatigue Inventory (p = .748) | |||
| Baseline | 2.4 [0,6] (0,7) | 1.3 [0,4] (0,10) | 1.2 [0,5] (0,8) |
| End of Study | 1.4 [0,4] (0,8) | 1.2 [0,3] (0,7) | 1.6 [0,4] (0,6) |
| Effect size | −0.32 | −0.28 | −0.07 |
| FACT B Total Score (p = .252) | |||
| Baseline | 111.88 [98,122] (52,136) | 111.0 [97,118] (40,134) | 116.0 [99,125] (64,133) |
| End of Study | 116.25 [98,123] (51,136) | 113.5 [100,129] (62,134) | 110.0 [102,123] (91,136) |
| Effect Size | 0.12 | 0.41 | −0.02 |
| Fact G Total Score (p = .319) | |||
| Baseline | 86.0 [75,100] (41,106) | 87.8 [79,93] (32,107) | 91.0 [75,99] (32,107) |
| End of Study | 88.0 [74,99] (40,105) | 91.5 [79,102] (50,105) | 86.0 [74,95] (60,105) |
| Effect Size | −0.01 | 0.31 | −0.11 |
| Fact Subscales Effect Sizes | |||
| Physical Well-being | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 |
| Social Well-being | 0.13 | 0.23 | −0.13 |
| Emotional Well-being | −0.20 | 0.27 | 0.04 |
| Functional Well-being | −0.22 | 0.31 | −0.07 |
| Fact B Subscaleb | 0.27 | 0.49 | 0.47 |
| POMS Total Score (p = .878) | |||
| Baseline | 34.5 [37,47] (25,58) | 29.0 [26,32] (24,111) | 35.0 [24,40] (24,88) |
| End of Study | 35.5 [28,44] (24,60) | 29.0 [25,41] (24,112) | 31.0 [25,35] (24,49) |
| Effect Size | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.10 |
| POMS Subscales Effect Sizes | |||
| Tension | −0.13 | −0.05 | −0.18 |
| Depression | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.01 |
| Anger | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.10 |
| Vigora | 0.08 | 0.70 | 0.31 |
| Fatigue | −0.25 | −0.15 | −0.18 |
| Confusion | −0.05 | −0.04 | −0.08 |
| ULL-27 Total Score (p = .586) | |||
| Baseline | 81.5 [78,86] (74,92) | 80.4 [69,89] (65,91) | 68.5 [61,87] (52,88) |
| End of Study | 82.2 [77,92] (58,95) | 90.0 [71,96] (54,98) | 78.9 [73,85] (62,91) |
| Effect Size | 0.13 | 0.52 | 0.42 |
| ULL Subscales Effect Sizes | |||
| Physical | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.26 |
| Psychological | 0.28 | 0.01 | −0.03 |
| Social | −0.13 | 0.25 | 0.23 |
BFI—Brief Fatigue Inventory; CES-D—Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression; FACT-B—Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast; FACT-G—Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General; IQR—interquartile range; LLLT—low-level laser therapy; MLD—manual lymphatic drainage; POMS—Profile of Mood States; ULL-27—Upper Limb Lymphedema–27