Table 3.
Hazard rate ratios of cause specific deaths across categories of lifetime pattern of alcohol use among men participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study
| Exclusive categories of pattern of alcohol use |
Formerb |
Lifetimec |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of death | Nevera | Former light to moderated | Former heavye | Lightf | Below rec. limitsg | Light to moderated | Occasionally heavye | Heavye | P for trendh |
| Person-years | 21 087 | 41 918 | 16 108 | 39 168 | 490 252 | 477 358 | 212 821 | 24 645 | |
| CHDk | |||||||||
| Deaths N = 1755 | 43 | 103 | 48 | 92 | 665 | 502 | 278 | 24 | |
| HRi | 1.39 | 1.45 | 2.49 | REF | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.95; 2.02) | (1.06; 1.98) | (1.71; 3.62) | (0.79; 1.28) | (0.82; 1.35) | (1.03; 1.75) | (0.78; 2.04) | ||
| HRj | 1.25 | 1.18 | 1.66 | REF | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.77 | 0.462 |
| (95% CI) | (0.85; 1.83) | (0.86; 1.61) | (1.13; 2.42) | (0.71; 1.15) | (0.67; 1.11) | (0.70; 1.20) | (0.48; 1.25) | ||
| CVDl | |||||||||
| Deaths N = 1506 | 36 | 103 | 46 | 86 | 484 | 443 | 277 | 31 | |
| HRi | 1.13 | 1.59 | 2.31 | REF | 0.80 | 0.92 | 1.26 | 1.66 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.76; 1.69) | (1.16; 2.19) | (1.57; 3.41) | (0.62; 1.03) | (0.71; 1.19) | (0.96; 1.66) | (1.07; 2.59) | ||
| HRj | 1.00 | 1.28 | 1.62 | REF | 0.72 | 0.76 | 0.91 | 1.10 | 0.007 |
| (95% CI) | (0.68; 1.49) | (0.93; 1.77) | (1.10; 2.40) | (0.56; 0.92) | (0.59; 0.98) | (0.69; 1.20) | (0.70; 1.71) | ||
| Alcohol-related cancerm | |||||||||
| Deaths N = 901 | 9 | 37 | 41 | 19 | 248 | 282 | 224 | 41 | |
| HRi | 0.98 | 2.06 | 6.78 | REF | 1.20 | 1.53 | 2.83 | 5.68 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.42; 2.30) | (1.13; 3.75) | (3.77; 12.2) | (0.73; 1.97) | (0.92; 2.53) | (1.70; 4.71) | (3.11; 10.4) | ||
| HRj | 0.90 | 1.77 | 5.02 | REF | 1.10 | 1.28 | 2.05 | 3.82 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.38; 2.09) | (0.98; 3.20) | (2.80; 8.99) | (0.67; 1.81) | (0.78; 2.11) | (1.23; 3.40) | (2.09; 6.97) | ||
| Other neoplasmsn | |||||||||
| Deaths N = 3422 | 54 | 157 | 82 | 99 | 1168 | 1089 | 692 | 81 | |
| HRi | 1.24 | 1.64 | 2.63 | REF | 1.17 | 1.27 | 1.81 | 2.26 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.88; 1.74) | (1.25; 2.15) | (1.93; 3.58) | (0.94; 1.45) | (1.02; 1.58) | (1.44; 2.27) | (1.65; 3.10) | ||
| HRj | 1.17 | 1.41 | 1.80 | REF | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.32 | 1.49 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.83; 1.64) | (1.08; 1.85) | (1.32; 2.45) | (0.88; 1.36) | (0.88; 1.36) | (1.05; 1.66) | (1.09; 2.04) | ||
| Respiratory causeo | |||||||||
| Deaths N = 517 | 13 | 33 | 24 | 40 | 183 | 131 | 83 | 10 | |
| HRi | 1.24 | 1.25 | 4.09 | REF | 0.84 | 0.95 | 1.44 | 2.21 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.63; 2.42) | (0.74; 2.11) | (2.28; 7.33) | (0.56; 1.25) | (0.62; 1.44) | (0.91; 2.27) | (1.03; 4.76) | ||
| HRj | 1.04 | 0.86 | 2.35 | REF | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.87 | 1.16 | 0.091 |
| (95% CI) | (0.54; 2.00) | (0.51; 1.45) | (1.30; 4.23) | (0.47; 1.05) | (0.45; 1.04) | (0.55; 1.39) | (0.53; 2.57) | ||
| Digestive causep | |||||||||
| Deaths N = 240 | 6 | 17 | 11 | 11 | 69 | 62 | 58 | 6 | |
| HRi | 1.26 | 1.89 | 3.93 | REF | 0.76 | 0.89 | 1.95 | 2.34 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.46; 3.47) | (0.81; 4.42) | (1.61; 9.60) | (0.39; 1.50) | (0.44; 1.79) | (0.96; 3.95) | (0.81; 6.71) | ||
| HRj | 1.07 | 1.52 | 2.74 | REF | 0.71 | 0.73 | 1.37 | 1.51 | 0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.39; 2.95) | (0.66; 3.48) | (1.10; 6.80) | (0.36; 1.37) | (0.37; 1.47) | (0.68; 2.79) | (0.53; 4.30) | ||
| External causeq | |||||||||
| Deaths N = 500 | 14 | 23 | 11 | 17 | 128 | 160 | 135 | 12 | |
| HRi | 1.91 | 1.48 | 1.68 | REF | 0.70 | 0.93 | 1.69 | 1.36 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.94; 3.91) | (0.76; 2.89) | (0.76; 3.74) | (0.41; 1.20) | (0.54; 1.58) | (0.98; 2.91) | (0.63; 2.94) | ||
| HRj | 1.85 | 1.36 | 1.42 | REF | 0.69 | 0.89 | 1.53 | 1.19 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (0.91; 3.76) | (0.69; 2.68) | (0.63; 3.21) | (0.41; 1.19) | (0.52; 1.53) | (0.88; 2.67) | (0.55; 2.59) | ||
| Other causer | |||||||||
| Deaths N = 888 | 19 | 59 | 29 | 43 | 237 | 255 | 211 | 35 | |
| HRi | 1.98 | 2.72 | 4.03 | REF | 0.74 | 1.00 | 2.05 | 4.98 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (1.10; 3.54) | (1.73; 4.27) | (2.40; 6.76) | (0.52; 1.06) | (0.70; 1.44) | (1.41; 2.97) | (3.02; 8.21) | ||
| HRj | 1.80 | 2.41 | 3.12 | REF | 0.73 | 0.93 | 1.60 | 3.54 | <0.001 |
| (95% CI) | (1.00; 3.24) | (1.53; 3.80) | (1.84; 5.30) | (0.51; 1.05) | (0.64; 1.34) | (1.09; 2.35) | (2.13; 5.88) | ||
CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard rate ratio; REF, reference; rec., recommended.
a Report of no use of alcohol at all points in time (age 20, 30, 40, 50 and at enrolment).
b Report of alcohol use in the past but not at the time of enrolment.
c Report of use of alcohol at past points in time and at the time of enrolment.
d ≤60 g/d.
e >60 g/d.
f ≤2 g/d.
g ≤24 g/d (American Heart Association; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research; National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse).
h P for trend across HR of death in lifetime alcohol users employing median alcohol use at the time of enrolment
i Joint Cox proportional hazard model, stratified by age and centre.
j Joint Cox proportional hazard model, as i and adjusted for body mass index, height, waist circumference, intake of fruits, vegetables, red meat and meat products, dietary fibre, physical activity, education and smoking.
k I20–I25.
l I00–I99 excl. I20–I25.
m C01–C06, C09–C15, C18–22; C32.
n C00–D48 excl. C01–C06, C09–C15, C18–22; C32.
o J00-J99.
p K00-K93, excl. K292, K70, K860.
q S00-T98, V01-Y98.
r All causes excl. I00–I99; C00–D48; J00-J99; K00-K93, excl. K292, K70, K860; S00-T98, V01-Y98; and unknown causes.