Table 5.
Hazard rate ratios of death from all causes and risk advancement periods across categories of lifetime pattern of alcohol use among men and women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study
| Exclusive categories of pattern of alcohol use | Formerb |
Lifetimec |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All causes | Nevera | Former light to moderated | Former heavye | Lightf | Below rec. limitsg | Light to moderated | Occasionally heavye | Heavye |
| Men | ||||||||
| Person-years/N deaths | 21 087/240 | 41 918/698 | 16 108/320 | 39 168/441 | 490 252/4 061 | 477 358/3486 | 212 821/2235 | 24 645/257 |
| HR (95% CI)h | 1.17 (0.99; 1.38) | 1.29 (1.14; 1.47) | 2.05 (1.76; 2.40) | REF | 0.90 (0.81; 1.00) | 0.94 (0.84; 1.04) | 1.22 (1.09; 1.37) | 1.52 (1.29; 1.80) |
| HR (95% CI)i | 1.16 (0.98; 1.36) | 1.21 (1.06; 1.38) | 1.94 (1.66; 2.27) | REF | 0.90 (0.81; 1.00) | 0.93 (0.83; 1.04) | 1.21 (1.07; 1.35) | 1.51 (1.28; 1.78) |
| RAPi | 1.1 (0.0; 2.2) | 1.5 (1.0; 2.1) | 5.2 (5.1; 5.3) | REF | −0.8 (−2.2;−0.6) | −0.6 (−3.5; 2.4) | 1.5 (0.9; 2.0) | 3.2 (3.0; 3.4) |
| Person-years/N deaths | 5213/101 | 13 606/327 | 6541/174 | 8642/187 | 109 567/1701 | 117 887/1488 | 63 380/1028 | 7 529/101 |
| Prevalent diseasej | ||||||||
| HR (95% CI)h | 1.22 (0.94; 1.59) | 1.18 (0.97; 1.45) | 1.98 (1.57; 2.49) | REF | 0.97 (0.81; 1.14) | 0.98 (0.82; 1.17) | 1.25 (1.04; 1.50) | 1.38 (1.06; 1.80) |
| RAPh | 5.1 (4.5; 5.6) | 4.3 (3.7; 4.9) | 17.4 (17.3; 17.5) | REF | −1.0 (−5.9; 3.9) | 0.7 (−10.7; 9.3) | 5.6 (5.2; 6.1) | 8.2 (7.8; 8.5) |
| Person-years/N deaths | 15 874/139 | 28 312/371 | 9567/146 | 30526/254 | 380 685/2360 | 359 471/1998 | 149 440/1207 | 17 117/156 |
| No prevalent disease | ||||||||
| HR (95% CI)h | 1.15 (0.92; 1.43) | 1.32 (1.11; 1.57) | 2.00 (1.61; 2.50) | REF | 0.86 (0.74; 0.99) | 0.89 (0.77; 1.03) | 1.16 (0.99; 1.35) | 1.57 (1.26; 1.96) |
| RAPh | 0.7 (−1.8; 3.1) | 1.4 (0.8; 1.9) | 3.4 (3.2; 3.5) | REF | −0.7 (−2.1; 0.6) | −0.6 (−3.0; 1.9) | 0.7 (−0.9; 2.3) | 2.2 (1.9; 2.5) |
| Women | ||||||||
| Person-years/N deaths | 361 973/1693 | 161 982/1136 | 7700/65 | 440 937/1,992 | 1 295 299/5123 | 855 524/3103 | 340 591/1522 | 12 618/39 |
| HR (95% CI)h | 1.19 (1.10; 1.29) | 1.30 (1.19; 1.42) | 1.81 (1.39; 2.37) | REF | 0.92 (0.86; 0.98) | 0.94 (0.88; 1.01) | 1.04 (0.96; 1.13) | 1.37 (0.98; 1.91) |
| HR (95% CI)i | 1.17 (1.08; 1.27) | 1.25 (1.14; 1.36) | 1.77 (1.35; 2.31) | REF | 0.93 (0.87; 0.99) | 0.94 (0.88; 1.01) | 1.04 (0.96; 1.14) | 1.38 (0.99; 1.93) |
| RAPi | 1.1 (0.4; 1.7) | 1.5 (1.1; 1.9) | 3.7 (3.6; 3.9) | REF | −0.5 (−2.4; 1.4) | −0.4 (−3.3; 2.4) | 0.3 (−6.8; 7.4) | 2.0 (1.4; 2.6) |
| Person-years/N deaths | 98 118/828 | 49 351/572 | 2340/28 | 99 995/862 | 290 004/2068 | 171 747/1193 | 72 157/568 | 2035/11 |
| Prevalent diseasej | ||||||||
| HR (95% CI)h | 1.19 (1.05; 1.35) | 1.30 (1.14; 1.48) | 1.73 (1.14; 2.60) | REF | 0.95 (0.86; 1.05) | 0.93 (0.83; 1.03) | 1.04 (0.91; 1.20) | 1.15 (0.58; 2.25) |
| RAPh | 1.6 (0.8; 2.3) | 2.3 (1.9; 2.8) | 4.4 (4.1; 4.7) | REF | −0.5 (−4.2; 3.1) | −0.7 (−3.0; 1.6) | 0.3 (−10.8; 11.4) | 1.1 (−4.4; 6.5) |
| Person-years/N deaths | 263 855/865 | 112 631/564 | 5360/37 | 340 942/1130 | 1 005 295/3055 | 683 777/1910 | 268 434/954 | 10 583/28 |
| No prevalent disease | ||||||||
| HR (95% CI)h | 1.16 (1.04; 1.30) | 1.23 (1.09; 1.39) | 1.74 (1.22; 2.48) | REF | 0.91 (0.84; 0.99) | 0.95 (0.87; 1.04) | 1.04 (0.93; 1.16) | 1.46 (0.99; 2.15) |
| RAPh | 0.9 (−0.0; 1.9) | 1.2 (0.6; 1.9) | 3.2 (3.0; 3.5) | REF | −0.5 (−2.5; 1.4) | −0.3 (−5.8; 5.2) | 0.2 (−12.7; 13.2) | 2.0 (1.3; 2.6) |
HRR, hazard rate ratio; REF, reference; RAP, risk advancement periods; rec., recommended.
a Report of no use of alcohol at all points in time (age 20, 30, 40, 50 and at enrolment).
b Report of alcohol use in the past but not at the time of enrolment
c Report of use of alcohol at past points in time and at the time of enrolment.
d ≤60 g/d (men); ≤30 g/d (women).
e >60 g/d (men) >30 g/d (women).
f ≤2 g/d (men); ≤1 g/d (women).
g ≤24 g/d (men); ≤12 g/d (women) (American Heart Association; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism).
h Stratified by age and centre, and adjusted for body mass index, height, waist circumference, intake of fruits, vegetables, red meat and meat products, dietary fibre, physical activity, education, smoking, women additionally for menopausal hormone use, number of live births, menopausal status.
i Stratified and adjusted as h, and additionally for prevalent disease.
j Prevalent disease defined as self-reported cancer, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus or hypertension.