Table 1. Balance table: standardized effect sizes before (unadjusted) and after (adjusted) applying inverse propensity weights.

Confounders	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Confounders	Unadjusted	Adjusted
Family			Demographics
Birth order among children of biological parents	0.05	−0.02	Race
Missinga	0.08	0.01	White	−0.27b	−0.00
Number of people in household	−0.22b	−0.07	Black	0.38b	0.05
Missing	0.25b	−0.02	Native American	0.15	0.05
Maternal age at birth	−0.15	−0.04	Asian	−0.14	−0.02
Missing	0.24b	0.07	Other	−0.02	−0.08
Maternal education			Missing	−0.03	−0.04
Never finished high school	0.05	−0.05	Hispanic origin	0.05	−0.01
High school graduate	0.05	0.05	Missing	−0.03	−0.03
School beyond high school	−0.29b	−0.05	English spoken in home	0.09	0.08
Missing	0.35b	0.07	Missing	−0.03	−0.03
Mother works more than 30 h/week for pay	0.04	0.09	Born in USA	0.05	0.00
Missing	0.18	0.02
Religious parent	−0.12	−0.05	Risk behaviors
Missing	0.19	0.06	Early cigarette use (by age 12)	0.38b	0.10
Household income	−0.07	−0.05	Missing	0.03	0.02
Missing	0.19	0.07	Early alcohol use (by age 12, not with family)	0.42b	0.09
Family structure at age 10			Missing	0.13	−0.01
Two biological parents	−0.48b	−0.04
One biological parent and opposite-sex partner	0.09	−0.00	Biological
Single parent	0.38b	0.03	Early menarche (by age 11)	0.32b	0.03
Other	0.24b	0.02	Missing	0.23b	0.23b
Neighborhood
Rural	0.12	0.12
Suburban	−0.14	−0.11
Residential-only urban	−0.00	0.01
Non-residential/other	0.08	−0.00
Missing	−0.02	−0.04
Residential parent received public assistance	0.06	−0.00
Missing	0.17	0.06

Note. A positive standardized effect size indicates a higher mean value of the confounder in the early sex group

^aMissing variables were treated as indicator variables during propensity score estimation

^bAbsolute standardized effect size≥0.2