Table 2.
Combined estimates from random-effects meta-analyses for residential air pollution and respiratory infections during early life (up to 36 months).a
| Crudeb | Adjustedc | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | I2 | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | I2 | p-Value | |
| Pneumonia | ||||||
| NO2 | 1.25 (1.04, 1.50)* | 37.1 | 0.112 | 1.30 (1.02, 1.65)* | 52.9 | 0.024 |
| NOx | 1.23 (1.06, 1.41)* | 22.2 | 0.239 | 1.26 (1.04, 1.52)* | 44.0 | 0.066 |
| PM2.5 | 2.13 (0.82, 5.49) | 79.7 | 0.000 | 2.58 (0.91, 7.27) | 81.7 | 0.000 |
| PM2.5 absorbance | 1.78 (1.30, 2.43)* | 0 | 0.734 | 1.99 (1.44, 2.75)* | 0 | 0.663 |
| PM10 | 1.55 (1.03, 2.34)* | 29.2 | 0.205 | 1.76 (1.00, 3.09)* | 51.2 | 0.051 |
| Coarse PM | 1.23 (1.02, 1.47)* | 0 | 0.626 | 1.24 (1.03, 1.50)* | 0 | 0.579 |
| Traffic, nearest street | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14)* | 0 | 0.997 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15)* | 0 | 0.969 |
| Traffic, major streets | 1.19 (1.08, 1.31)* | 0 | 0.979 | 1.21 (1.09, 1.34)* | 0 | 0.843 |
| Otitis media | ||||||
| NO2 | 1.08* (1.01, 1.15) | 4.8 | 0.395 | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16)* | 0 | 0.515 |
| NOx | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 0.5 | 0.430 | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 0 | 0.458 |
| PM2.5 | 1.02 (0.71, 1.45) | 55.5 | 0.047 | 1.06 (0.75, 1.49) | 47.9 | 0.088 |
| PM2.5 absorbance | 1.05 (0.80, 1.37) | 46.7 | 0.095 | 1.08 (0.83, 1.39) | 39.9 | 0.139 |
| PM10 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.17) | 11.6 | 0.341 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0 | 0.539 |
| Coarse PM | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 0 | 0.608 | 0.97 (0.88, 1.08) | 0 | 0.805 |
| Traffic, nearest street | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 1.4 | 0.385 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | 0 | 0.497 |
| Traffic, major streets | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0 | 0.462 | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 18.2 | 0.300 |
| Croup | ||||||
| NO2 | 0.92 (0.80, 1.07) | 0 | 0.884 | 0.96 (0.83, 1.12) | 0 | 0.909 |
| NOx | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) | 0 | 0.895 | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 0 | 0.936 |
| PM2.5 | 0.83 (0.58, 1.19) | 0 | 0.760 | 0.90 (0.63, 1.30) | 0 | 0.703 |
| PM2.5 absorbance | 0.95 (0.66, 1.37) | 5.0 | 0.368 | 1.03 (0.72, 1.47) | 0 | 0.554 |
| PM10 | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | 0 | 0.586 | 0.92 (0.72, 1.18) | 0 | 0.595 |
| Coarse PM | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 0 | 0.551 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 0 | 0.787 |
| Traffic, nearest street | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 0 | 0.926 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 0 | 0.853 |
| Traffic, major streets | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 0 | 0.734 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0 | 0.901 |
| Associations are presented for the following increments in exposure: 10 μg/m3 for NO2, 20 μg/m3 for NOx, 5 μg/m3 for PM2.5, 1 unit for PM2.5 absorbance, 10 μg/m3 for PM10, 5 μg/m3 for coarse PM, 5,000 vehicles/day for traffic intensity on the nearest street; and 4,000 vehicle-km/day for traffic load on major roads within a 100-m buffer; associations with traffic intensity and traffic load were additionally adjusted for background NO2 concentrations.aOutcomes assessed up to 12 months (INMA Valencia), 14 months (INMA Gipuzkoa, INMA Sabadell), 15 months (GASPII), 18 months (INMA Asturias), 24 months (BAMSE, GINIplus, LISAplus, PIAMA), and 36 months (MAAS). bCrude models were adjusted for sex and municipality (BAMSE). cAdjusted models included municipality (BAMSE), sex, older siblings, breastfeeding at 6 months, atopy of either parent, any child-care reported during follow-up, maternal smoking during pregnancy, any environmental tobacco smoke in the child’s home reported during follow-up, visible mold or dampness in the home, use of gas stove, birth season, parental socioeconomic status (low, medium, high), and intervention (GINIplus, MAAS, PIAMA). *p < 0.05. | ||||||