Table 3.
Adjusted combined estimates for air pollution exposure at the birth address and respiratory infection by year of life [OR (95% CI)].
| Pneumoniaa (n = 12,891) | Otitis mediab (n = 8,722) | Croupc (n = 9,101) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory infections during the first yeard of life | |||
| NO2 | 1.47* (1.15, 1.89) | 1.19* (1.07, 1.33) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) |
| NOx | 1.45* (1.21, 1.75) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) | 1.10 (0.90, 1.36) |
| PM2.5 | 4.06* (1.93, 8.57) | 1.21 (0.64, 2.28) | 1.15 (0.67, 1.97) |
| PM2.5 absorbance | 2.71* (1.68, 4.37) | 1.32 (0.99, 1.75) | 1.04 (0.59, 1.83) |
| PM10 | 1.77* (1.18, 2.67) | 1.24 (0.76, 2.02) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.53) |
| Coarse PM | 1.46* (1.11, 1.92) | 1.16 (0.80, 1.70) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.30) |
| Traffic, nearest street | 1.14* (1.07, 1.22) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) |
| Traffic, major streets | 1.31* (1.15, 1.50) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) |
| Respiratory infections during the second yeare of life | |||
| NO2 | 1.40* (1.04, 1.88) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) |
| NOx | 1.29* (1.07, 1.55) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) |
| PM2.5 | 2.65 (0.63, 11.2) | 1.06 (0.64, 1.74) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.15) |
| PM2.5 absorbance | 1.90 (0.93, 3.87) | 1.20 (0.80, 1.79) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.35) |
| PM10 | 1.42 (0.99, 2.03) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.19) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.09) |
| Coarse PM | 1.24 (0.98, 1.56) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.13) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.08) |
| Traffic, nearest street | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.07) |
| Traffic, major streets | 1.10 (0.90, 1.34) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) |
| Associations are presented for the following increments in exposure: 10 μg/m3 for NO2, 20 μg/m3 for NOx, 5 μg/m3 for PM2.5, 1 unit for PM2.5 absorbance, 10 μg/m3 for PM10, 5 μg/m3 for coarse PM, 5,000 vehicles/day for traffic intensity on the nearest street; and 4,000 vehicle-km/day for traffic load on major roads within a 100-m buffer; associations with traffic intensity and traffic load were additionally adjusted for background NO2 concentrations.aBased on four studies: BAMSE, GINI/LISA North, GINI/LISA South, PIAMA. bBased on 3 studies: BAMSE, LISAplus North, LISAplus South, PIAMA. cBased on three studies: BAMSE, GINI/LISA North, GINI/LISA South. dDefined as 0–12 months. eDefined as 13–24 months. Models were adjusted for municipality (BAMSE), sex, older siblings, breastfeeding at 6 months, atopy of either parent, any child-care reported during follow-up, maternal smoking during pregnancy, any environmental tobacco smoke in the child’s home reported during follow-up, visible mold or dampness in the home, use of gas stove, birth season, parental socioeconomic status (low, medium, high), and intervention (GINIplus, PIAMA). *p < 0.05. | |||