Table 4.
Multivariable linear regression analyses for the relationship of serum TCDD (log10) with measures of bone mineral density and structure, stratified by menopause status and exposure before or after age at peak bone mass, SWHS, 2008–2009.
| Measurement | Premenopause | pint | Perimenopause/menopause | pint | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure before peak bone mass (n = 219) [Adjb β (95% CI)] | Exposure after peak bone mass (n = 54) [Adjb β (95% CI)] | Exposure before peak bone mass (n = 18) [Adjb β (95% CI)] | Exposure after peak bone mass (n = 48)a [Adjb β (95% CI)] | ||||
| Bone mineral density indices | |||||||
| Bone mineral density z‑score | Spine (L1–L4) | 0.03 (–0.21, 0.26) | 0.20 (–0.36, 0.75) | 0.58 | 0.15 (–0.87, 1.17) | 0.47 (–0.12, 1.05) | 0.59 |
| Total hip | –0.02 (–0.19, 0.16) | 0.03 (–0.39, 0.45) | 0.84 | –0.16 (–0.85, 0.53) | 0.39 (–0.01, 0.78)* | 0.17 | |
| Femoral neck | 0.01 (–0.18, 0.20) | 0.11 (–0.34, 0.55) | 0.69 | –0.24 (–1.00, 0.51) | 0.50 (0.07, 0.93)** | 0.09 | |
| Bone strength indices | |||||||
| Bending stress or cross sectional moment of inertia (cm4) | Narrow neck | 0.12 (0.02, 0.22)** | 0.01 (–0.23, 0.25) | 0.40 | –0.22 (–0.65, 0.21) | 0.18 (–0.05, 0.41) | 0.09 |
| Femoral shaft | 0.13 (0.01, 0.24)** | –0.15 (–0.43, 0.12) | 0.07 | –0.14 (–0.64, 0.35) | 0.33 (0.07, 0.59)** | 0.08 | |
| Intertrochanter | 0.55 (0.08, 1.03)** | 0.03 (–1.08, 1.15) | 0.40 | –0.77 (–2.87, 1.32) | 0.58 (–0.53, 1.68) | 0.23 | |
| Bending strength or section modulus (cm3) | Narrow neck | 0.06 (0.01, 0.11)** | –0.01 (–0.13, 0.11) | 0.25 | –0.10 (–0.34, 0.15) | 0.10 (–0.03, 0.24) | 0.14 |
| Femoral shaft | 0.06 (0.01, 0.12)** | –0.06 (–0.20, 0.07) | 0.09 | –0.11 (–0.36, 0.14) | 0.18 (0.05, 0.31)** | 0.03 | |
| Intertrochanter | 0.11 (–0.03, 0.24) | 0.01 (–0.32, 0.34) | 0.60 | –0.21 (–0.81, 0.40) | 0.18 (–0.14, 0.50) | 0.24 | |
| Bone size | |||||||
| Outer diameter (cm) | Narrow neck | 0.02 (–0.04, 0.09) | 0.07 (–0.08, 0.22) | 0.54 | –0.16 (–0.39, 0.08) | –0.03 (–0.16, 0.09) | 0.34 |
| Femoral shaft | 0.03 (–0.01, 0.07) | –0.06 (–0.15, 0.03) | 0.08 | 0.02 (–0.12, 0.17) | 0.06 (–0.02, 0.14) | 0.65 | |
| Intertrochanter | 0.07 (0.01, 0.12)** | 0.02 (–0.11, 0.15) | 0.51 | –0.13 (–0.36, 0.09) | –0.02 (–0.14, 0.10) | 0.34 | |
| Cross sectional area (cm2) | Narrow neck | 0.05 (–0.03, 0.12) | –0.00 (–0.18, 0.18) | 0.61 | –0.26 (–0.62, 0.09) | 0.18 (–0.00, 0.37)* | 0.02 |
| Femoral shaft | 0.08 (–0.01, 0.18)* | –0.01 (–0.24, 0.21) | 0.44 | –0.24 (–0.66, 0.17) | 0.24 (0.02, 0.46)** | 0.03 | |
| Intertrochanter | 0.09 (–0.05, 0.23) | –0.02 (–0.35, 0.31) | 0.54 | –0.28 (–0.88, 0.33) | 0.23 (–0.08, 0.55) | 0.12 | |
| Cortical thickness (cm) | Narrow neck | 0.00 (–0.00, 0.01) | –0.00 (–0.02, 0.01) | 0.62 | –0.01 (–0.04, 0.02) | 0.01 (–0.00, 0.03)* | 0.13 |
| Femoral shaft | 0.00 (–0.02, 0.02) | 0.02 (–0.03, 0.07) | 0.58 | –0.06 (–0.14, 0.02) | 0.02 (–0.02, 0.07) | 0.07 | |
| Intertrochanter | 0.00 (–0.01, 0.02) | 0.01 (–0.03, 0.04) | 0.84 | –0.03 (–0.08, 0.03) | 0.01 (–0.02, 0.04) | 0.15 | |
| Buckling ratio | Narrow neck | –0.03 (–0.61, 0.56) | 0.84 (–0.53, 2.21) | 0.26 | –0.05 (–3.13, 3.02) | –1.10 (–2.72, 0.52) | 0.52 |
| Femoral shaft | –0.00 (–0.12, 0.12) | –0.13 (–0.42, 0.16) | 0.42 | 0.23 (–0.34, 0.81) | –0.04 (–0.35, 0.26) | 0.37 | |
| Intertrochanter | 0.07 (–0.23, 0.38) | –0.12 (–0.84, 0.60) | 0.62 | 0.35 (–1.02, 1.71) | –0.10 (–0.82, 0.62) | 0.54 | |
| Abbreviations: Adj, adjusted; pint, pinteraction. an = 47 for HSA outcomes. bBMD models adjusted for age at explosion and BMI. HSA models adjusted for age at explosion, height, weight, age began athletic training, and hours per week of exercise. On coefficient *p < 0.1, and **p < 0.05. | |||||||