. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Biomed Eng. 2013 Jul 11;42(2):415–431. doi: 10.1007/s10439-013-0855-x

Table 2.

Elastic modulus and ultimate stress of human fibroatheroma.

Reference	Elastic Modulus (kPa)		Ultimate stress (kPa)		Tissue	Method
Lendon et al., 1988 ⁽⁴⁷⁾	---	---	12-1,938	C, Cap	Thoracic aorta, Isolated cap	Uniaxial tensile test

Lendon et al., 1991 ⁽⁴⁹⁾	---	---	~590±100	C, Healthy	Aorta, Isolated cap	Uniaxial tensile test
Lendon et al., 1991 ⁽⁴⁹⁾	---	---	~200±50	C, Cap	Aorta, Isolated cap	Uniaxial tensile test

Lee et al., 1991 ⁽⁴⁵⁾	510±220	R, Ce	---	---	Abdominal aorta, Isolated cap	Cyclic compression test @ 1Hz, LEM
	900±220	R, HCe	---	---
	2,190±990	R, Cal	---	---

Lee et al., 1992 ⁽⁴⁶⁾	41±19	NF	---	---	Abdominal aorta, Isolated cap	Unconfined compression creep test, LEM
	82±33	F	---	---
	355±245	Cal	---	---

Lendon et al., 1993 ⁽⁵⁰⁾	---	---	100 and 500	---	Aorta	---

Cheng et al., 1993 (13)	---	---	545±160	C, Hist, Ruptured	Coronary	2D FEA, LEM

Loree et al., 1994 ⁽⁵¹⁾	927±468	C, Ce	484±216	C, Cap	Abdominal / Thoracic aorta, Isolated cap	Quasi-static creep tensile test, QSF Tangential modulus
	2,312±2,180	C, HCe
	1,466±1,284	C, Cal

Huang et al., 2001 ⁽³⁴⁾	---	---	286	C, Hist, Stable	Coronary	2D FEA, SEDF using Mooney-Rivlin mat.
Huang et al., 2001 ⁽³⁴⁾	---	---	458	C, Hist, Ruptured	Coronary	2D FEA, SEDF using Mooney-Rivlin mat.

Holzapfel et al., 2004 ⁽³¹⁾	12,600±4,700	In, Cal	179±56	In, Cal	Iliac	One cyclic quasi-static uniaxial tensile test, followed by single tensile test to failure
	---	---	489±186	C, In, NAth
	---	---	944±272	L, In, NAth
	---	---	255±80	C, In, Cap
	---	---	469±100	L, In, Cap
	---	---	777±336	C, In, F
	---	---	278±98	L, In, F

Holzapfel et al., 2005 ⁽³⁰⁾	8 ± 5	C, Ad, μ	1,430±604	C, Ad, NAth	Coronary Non atherosclerotic	Uniaxial tensile test SEDF using Mooney-Rivlin material
	39 ± 33	L, Ad, k₁	1,300±692	L, Ad, NAth
	1 ± 1	C, Me, μ	446±194	C, Me, NAth
	22 ± 7	L, Me, k₁	419±188	L, Me, NAth
	28 ± 11	C, In, μ	394±223	C, In, NAth
	264 ± 491	L, In, k₁	391±144	L, In, NAth

Ebestein et al., 2009 ⁽²³⁾	230 ± 210	Thrombus	---	---	Carotid	Indentation test
	270 ± 150	F	---	---
	2,100 ± 5,400	Par Calc F	---	---
	(690 ± 2300)×10³	Calc	---	---

Barret et al., 2009 ⁽³⁾	33 (21-300)	F	---	---	Carotid	Indentation test

Teng et al., 2009 ⁽⁸¹⁾	---	---	1,996±867	L, Ad	Carotid	Uniaxial tension test SEDF using first Piola-Kirchoff stress
	---	---	519±270	L, Me
	---	---	1,047±536	L, W
	---	---	1,802±703	C, Ad
	---	---	1,230±533	C, Me
	---	---	1,022±427	C, W

Maher et al., 2009 ⁽⁵⁴⁾	23±34	C₁₀	---	---	Carotid	Uniaxial tensile test SEDF using Mooney-Rivlin material
	65±106	C₀₁	---	---
	817±2,441	C₂₀	---	---
	206±461	C₁₁	---	---
	324±818	C₀₂	---	---

Claes et al., 2010 ⁽¹⁶⁾	---	---	390±70	C, W, NAth	Coronary, Non atherosclerotic	Uniaxial tensile test

Sommer et al., 2010 ⁽⁷²⁾	28±14	L, Whole	---	---	Carotid Non atherosclerotic	Extension-Inflation test @ 1.1 stretch
	77±23	L, Ad	---	---
	97±10	L, Me-In	---	---
	55±9	C, Whole	---	---
	140±24	C, Ad	---	---
	129±21	C, Me-In	---	---

Lawlor et al., 2011 ⁽⁴³⁾	---	---	366±220	C, W	Carotid	Uniaxial tensile test

Kural et al., 2012 ⁽⁴⁰⁾	8±3	L, LM	---	---	Coronary	Biaxial tensile test Low and high modulus from 2 linear regions of stress-strain curves. Coronary: LM (15±5), HM (175±25); Carotid LM (7.5±2.5), HM (45±5) kPa
	17±19	C, LM	---	---	Coronary
	97±31	L, HM	---	---	Coronary
	90±39	C, HM	---	---	Coronary
	1±0	L, LM	---	---	Carotid
	1±0	C, LM	---	---	Carotid
	5±0	L, HM	---	---	Carotid
	6±1	C, HM	---	---	Carotid

Abbreviations: Cellular (Ce), hypocellular (HCe), calcified (Cal), Fibrous (F), Non-Fibrous (NF), Longitudinal (L), Circumferential (C), Radial (R), Non-atherosclerotic (NAth), Histology cross section (Hist), Linear elastic model (LEM), Cubic strain function (QSF), Finite element analysis (FEA), Strain energy density function (SEDF),

C_ij, i+j=1,2 material constants of hyperelastic model. Fraction numbers were rounding to its nearest whole integer value.