Table 1.

Reported uses of genus Spilanthes in ethnopharmacological surveys.

Name of the plant	Type of use	Population or geographic zone	Part used and method	References
Spilanthes acmella L.	Toothache and throat complaints	India	Flowers and leaves	[23]
Spilanthes acmella Murr.	Toothache, insecticidal, colic, gastrointestinal disorders. Dried leaves are strewn around the home to ward off insect pests; a combination of leaf and flower juice is taken for colic	Bangladesh	Flowers and leaves	[92]
	Pain which includes headache, toothache, and muscle pain	Bangladesh		[93]
	Cough	Haryana, India	Whole plant	[94]
	Head infections accompanied by itchiness	Jamalpur District, Bangladesh		[92]
	Toothache	Hasanur Hills, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India	Flowers	[95]
Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray	Anticancer agent	Indonesia	Entire plant Indonesia	[96]
Spilanthes clava L.	Toothache and throat complaints	Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, India	Leaf	[24]
	Teeth were brushed with flowers as remedy for toothache	Bangladesh	Flowers	[92]
Spilanthes calva DC.	Toothache and throat complaints	Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India	Flower	[25]
	Dry cough	Tribals of Nandurbar District, Maharashtra, India	Two to three inflorescences crushed and mixed in a spoon with honey taken twice a day for 2-3 days	[97]
	Tuberculosis	Chakma tribe in Hill Tracts Districts of Bangladesh	Root juice	[98]
	Pain	Palani Hills of Tamil Nadu, India	Crushed head inflorescence	[90]
Spilanthes uliginosa	Sore throats and gums and in paralysis of the tongue	India	Flower	[20]
Spilanthes acmella Murr.	Placed in tooth cavities to relieve pain	Kelantan, Malaysia	Pounded flowers	[26]
	Decotion of roots and leaves is used as gargle for tooth pain	Philippines	Roots and leaves	[99]
	Toothache and dysentery	Saurashtra region, Gujarat, India	Flower	[100]
	Leucorrhoea, toothache, anti-inflammatory, astringent, stop bleeding from gums, dysentery, antibacterial, and anemia	Vhabaniganj village, Bogra District, Bangladesh	Leaves and flowers	[101]
Spilanthes acmella L.	Ulcer in mouth	Karnataka, India	Juice of inflorescence	[102]
Spilanthes calva DC.	Toothache and on boils and wounds	Nagarcoil, India	Fruit dried, powdered, and mixed with coconut oil	[28]
	Dental caries	Nandurbar District, Maharashtr, India	Root and flower head	[103]
Spilanthes oleracea	Curing stammering, toothache, stomatitis, and throat complaints	India	Leaves and flowers decoction	[104]
Spilanthes acmella	Sialagogue	Sri Lanka	Flowers tincture	[11]
Spilanthes uliginosa	Sialagogue	Nigeria and Cameroon	Flower	[30]
Spilanthes acmella	Diuretic activity and the ability to dissolve urinary calculi	Uva Province, Sri Lanka	Cold infusion flowers	[11]
Spilanthes leiocarpa DC.	Diuretic activity	Andean people of Canta, Lima, Peru	Leaves and flowers infusion	[105]
Spilanthes calva	Cuts and mud infection	Bhaudaha, Morang, Nepal	Leaves	[106]
	Cough, cold, and gingivitis	Nawalparasi District, Nepal	Flowers	[107]
Spilanthes uliginosa	External injury, crushed paste dressing	Ethiopia	Aerial parts	[29]
Spilanthes callimorpha A. H. Moore	Dermatitis	Yunnan Province, China	Aerial part	[108]
Spilanthes africana DC.	Induce labor during childbirth	Western Uganda	Aerial part	[31]
Spilanthes callimorpha A. H. Moore	Amenorrhea	Hong Kong	Whole plant	[32]
Spilanthes mauritiana DC.	Aphrodisiac, treatment of convulsions in children with malaria fever	Mwanga District, Tanzania	Fresh plant	[109]
Spilanthes filicaulis	Snakebite	Ghana	Aerial parts	[33]
	Emetic	Benin City, Nigeria	Leaves	[110]
Spilanthes acmella L.	Snakebite and rheumatic fever	—	Entire plant	[34]
Spilanthes caulirhiza (Delile) DC.	Common cold	Masango, Gabon	Leaves are chewed	[111]
Spilanthes acmella Murr.	Fortifier for infants	Madagascar	Leaves soup	[112]
Spilanthes africana  DC.	Hypertension	Bafia region, Cameroon	Paste mixed with other plants	[113]
Spilanthes mauritiana DC.	Convulsions in children malaria, pneumonia, and tonsillitis	—	Leaves	[114]
		Rwanda	Whole plant	[115]
Spilanthes filicaulis Jacq.	Peptic ulcer and treatment of tooth decay	Cameroon	Aerial parts	[27]
	Genital infections	Baham, Cameroon	Whole plant	[116]
Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray	Used as an anticancer agent	Indonesia	Entire plant	[117]
Spilanthes filicaulis	Intestinal diseases and diarrhoea	Mbalmayo, Cameroon	Leaves	[118]
Spilanthes paniculata DC.	Constipation	Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, India	Leaves	[24]
	Constipation, liver trouble, toothache, worm infection, and as tonic during jaundice	Assam, India	Young stem and leaf
	For the treatment of intestinal worms, constipation, and toothache	Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, India	Leaves	[119]
Spilanthes paniculata  Wall. DC.	Skin disease	Mt.Yinggelin, Hainan Island, China	Flowers	[120]
Spilanthes paniculata L.	Toothache, cough, and fever	The Nocte, the Nyishi and the Adi in the Eastern Himalayan region of Arunachal Pradesh, India	Leaf, water decoction	[121]
Spilanthes paniculata	Toothache	Tripuri, India	Fresh whole plant	[122]
	Toothache, tooth infections Flowers are chewed followed by closing of the mouth for 5 minutes followed by gargling with water	Barisal District, Bangladesh	Flowers	[123, 124]
	Worm infection	Assam, India	Leaf and flower extracts	[123, 124]
	Decoction of plant is used in dysentery and rheumatism and tincture of flowers relieves toothache	Noakhali District, Bangladesh	Whole plant flowers	[125]
	Cuts	Amazonian Ecuador	Leaves	[126]
Spilanthes oleracea Linn.	Malaria	Mali	Flower decoction	[35]
Spilanthes oleracea  Jacq.	Antitrypanocidal	Mali	Flower decoction	[36]
Spilanthes filicaulis	Chest pain, eczema, guinea worm, stomach problems, headache, cough, and toothache; an enema for side pain; used to coagulate blood; rubbed on skin as a local anaesthesia	Cameroon	Entire plant	[37]
	Toothache, stomach ache, gastritis, and malaria	Babungo, Northwest Region, Cameroon	Whole plant	[127]
Spilanthes callimorpha A. H. Moore	Fertility regulating agent	China	Aerial part	[32]
Spilanthes acmella Murr.	Soup and as a fortifier for infants	Betsimisaraka and Tanala people of Madagascar	Leaves	[112]
Spilanthes  acmella (L.) Murray	Get rid of unpleasant symptoms of the alcoholic hangover	Brazil	Leaves	[128]
Spilanthes americana (Mutis) Hieron	Cough	San Jose Succotz in Belize, Argentina	Prepare a tea from the leaves and drink	[129]