Table 1.
The kinases known to phosphorylate ERM proteins and their functional consequences. (N.B. 1- The ERM column refers to the specific ERM member that is phosphorylated by the corresponding kinase, 2- the numbering of the phosphorylation sites reflects their position in the original ERM sequence; this might slightly differ in the original manuscripts as some authors use their tagged constructs for numbering).
P-site | Kinase | ERM | Stimulus | Cell line | Function | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EzrinThr567, RadixinThr564, MoesinThr558 | PKC | ERM | Amphetamine | PC12 cells | Synaptic plasticity | [50] |
E | Dinitrosopiperazin | NPC cells | Motility, invasion, metastasis | [92] | ||
E | N/A | Oteoscarcoma cells | Migration and invasion | [85, 93] | ||
ERM | 2-methoxyestradiol | HPAEC cells | Hyperpermeability | [76] | ||
ERM | Glutamate | Hippocampal cells | Filopodia and synaptic boutons formation | [51] | ||
E | Latent membrane protein-1 expression | NPC cells | Motility and invasion | [6] | ||
E | N/A | Intestinal epithelial cells | Epithelial differentiation | [124] | ||
M | Hypotonicity | Collecting duct epithelial cells | Cytoskeletal remodeling | [125] | ||
E | Androgen | LNCaP-FGC | Invasion | [126] | ||
E | Parathyroid Hormone | Oposum Kidney cells | Endocytosis | [127] | ||
E | N/A | 2C4 Fibrosarcoma | Migration | [128] | ||
Rho/ROCK | ERM | Netrin | Cortical Neurones | Axonal growth | [49] | |
E | Estrogen | T47-D Breast cancer cells | Migration and invasion | [91] | ||
ERM | LPA | Ovarian Cancer | Migration and metastasis | [129] | ||
E | N/A | Hepatoma cells | Invasion | [90] | ||
E | Cisplatin | HT29 cells | Apoptosis | [100] | ||
E | N/A | NPC cells | Metastasis | [130] | ||
EM | Fas receptor activation | Jurkat T cells | Apoptosis | [131] | ||
E | TNF | Endothelial cells | Inhibition of proliferation | [132] | ||
E | Net and Dbl overexpression | NIH3T3 fibroblasts | Malignant transformation | [133] | ||
P38 MAPK | ERM | TNF | Synoviocytes | Proliferation | [63] | |
M | Advanced glycation end products | Endothelial cells | Hyperpermeability | [78] | ||
GRK-2 | R | Wound closure | MDCK cells | Migration | [134] | |
ERM | Angiotensin-II | Kidney Podocytes | Actin turnover and migration | [135] | ||
E | Acetylcholine | Hep2 and HEK293 cells | Membrane ruffles formation and internalization | [136] | ||
NIK | ERM | EGF, PDGF | MTLn3 cells | Lamellipodia formation | [137] | |
AKT2 | E | Glucose | Caco-2BBe cells | Translocation of NHE-3 to plasma membrane | [138] | |
LRRK2 | ERM | N/A | Primary Neurons | Retardation of growth and increased filopodia | [52] | |
Mst-4 | E | N/A | W4 cell line | Apical brush border formation | [139] | |
LOK | ERM | N/A | Lymphocytes | Decreased migration and polarization | [140] | |
Slik | M | Mitosis initiation | Drosophila S2 cells | Cortical microtubular stability | [45] | |
MRCK | ERM | Cdc42 overexpression | NIH3T3 fibroblasts | Filopodia Formation | [141] | |
Tyr146 and/or 354 and/or 478 | Syk | E | CD81 engagement | B lymphocytes | Cell reorganization and signaling | [142] |
Flt3 | E | Kit overexpression | Proerythroblasts | Apoptosis resistance and proliferation | [143] | |
Src | E | EGF | A431 cells | Spreading and proliferation | [144] | |
E | ICAM1 ligation | Endothelial cells | N/A | [145] | ||
E | N/A | Hek239 | Association with KBTBD2 | [146] | ||
Lck | E | N/A | Jurkat T cells | Signaling during T cell activation | [147] | |
Thr235 | Cdk5 | E | Overexpression of Retinoblastoma | Osteosarcoma | Cell senescence and flat cell morphology | [148-150] |
Ser66 | PKA | E | Histamine | Gastric Parietal cells | Acid secretion | [55, 56] |