Table 1.
Findings related to DNA damage from nanoparticle exposure
NPs | In vitro/in vivo | Assays | Findings | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon-based naomaterials | C60 | C60 | In vitro and in vivo | ROS | C60 has the capacity to generate singlet oxygen that induces lipid peroxidation of linoleate which leads to oxidative DNA damage. | [115] |
Aqu/nC60 and EthOH/nC60 | In vivo (PBL) | Comet assay | Aqu/nC60 suspensions elicited higher genotoxic response than EthOH/nC60 at the same dose. | [116] | ||
C60 | In vitro FE1-Mutatrade mark-Mouse lung epithelial cells | Comet assay | Non-cytotoxic concentrations did not result in increased levels of strand breaks. | [117] | ||
CNTs | SWCNTs | In vitro FE1-Mutatrade mark-Mouse lung epithelial cells | Comet assay | Concentrations below cytotoxicity did not result in increased levels of strand breaks. | [117] | |
In vitro lung fibroblast V79 cells | Comet assay | Some significance was detected. | [117] | |||
MWCNTs | In vitro mouse embryonic stem cells | Double strand break repair protein assay | Cellular apoptosis and activation of p53, and increased mutation frequency. | [118] | ||
Other | Nanodiamonds | In vitro embryonic stem cells | Expression of DNA repair proteins | Oxidized nanodiamonds induced more DNA damage than the pristine/raw forms, showing the surface chemistry specific genotoxicity. | [119] | |
Metallic nanoparticles | Au NPs | Au NP | In vitro human fetal lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) | HPLC to measure 8-OHdG | Significant oxidative DNA damage; DNA repair genes downregulated (cyclin C, Hus1, BRCAI/BRCC1). | [119] |
Metal oxides | TiO2 | 10x40 nm <25 nm <5 μm |
In vitro human bronchial epithelial BEAS 2B cells | Comet assay | Uncoated nanosized anatase TiO2 and fine rutile TiO2 are more efficient than SiO2-coated nanosized rutile TiO2 in inducing DNA damage. | [33] |
<25 nm | In vivo PBL | Comet assay | Dose-dependent increase in ROS generation. | [120] | ||
Zinc oxide | 40–70 nm | In vitro and in vivo PBL human sperm cells | Comet assay | Dose-dependent increase in DNA damage. | [47] | |
SiO2 | 6.57, 8.2 and 196.52 nm | In vitro human lymphoblastoid cells | Comet assay | No increase in comet tail detected. | [121] |
Note. From “Genotoxicity and cancer” by Fadeel B, Pietroiusti A, Shvedova AA (eds), Genotoxicity and cancer. 1st ed. Adverse effects of engineered nanomaterials: exposure, toxicology, and impact on human health. San Diego: Academic Press; 2012. p. 248–52. Copyright 2012, Adapted with permission.
8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; C60, buckminsterfullerene; CNTs, carbon nanotubes; HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography; MWCNTs, multiwall CNTs; NPs, nanoparticles; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SWCNTs, single-walled CNTs.