Table 1.

Findings related to DNA damage from nanoparticle exposure

NPs			In vitro/in vivo	Assays	Findings	Reference
Carbon-based naomaterials	C60	C60	In vitro and in vivo	ROS	C60 has the capacity to generate singlet oxygen that induces lipid peroxidation of linoleate which leads to oxidative DNA damage.	[115]
		Aqu/nC60 and EthOH/nC60	In vivo (PBL)	Comet assay	Aqu/nC60 suspensions elicited higher genotoxic response than EthOH/nC60 at the same dose.	[116]
		C60	In vitro FE1-Mutatrade mark-Mouse lung epithelial cells	Comet assay	Non-cytotoxic concentrations did not result in increased levels of strand breaks.	[117]
	CNTs	SWCNTs	In vitro FE1-Mutatrade mark-Mouse lung epithelial cells	Comet assay	Concentrations below cytotoxicity did not result in increased levels of strand breaks.	[117]
			In vitro lung fibroblast V79 cells	Comet assay	Some significance was detected.	[117]
		MWCNTs	In vitro mouse embryonic stem cells	Double strand break repair protein assay	Cellular apoptosis and activation of p53, and increased mutation frequency.	[118]
	Other	Nanodiamonds	In vitro embryonic stem cells	Expression of DNA repair proteins	Oxidized nanodiamonds induced more DNA damage than the pristine/raw forms, showing the surface chemistry specific genotoxicity.	[119]
Metallic nanoparticles	Au NPs	Au NP	In vitro human fetal lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5)	HPLC to measure 8-OHdG	Significant oxidative DNA damage; DNA repair genes downregulated (cyclin C, Hus1, BRCAI/BRCC1).	[119]
Metal oxides	TiO2	10x40 nm <25 nm <5 μm	In vitro human bronchial epithelial BEAS 2B cells	Comet assay	Uncoated nanosized anatase TiO2 and fine rutile TiO2 are more efficient than SiO2-coated nanosized rutile TiO2 in inducing DNA damage.	[33]
		<25 nm	In vivo PBL	Comet assay	Dose-dependent increase in ROS generation.	[120]
	Zinc oxide	40–70 nm	In vitro and in vivo PBL human sperm cells	Comet assay	Dose-dependent increase in DNA damage.	[47]
	SiO2	6.57, 8.2 and 196.52 nm	In vitro human lymphoblastoid cells	Comet assay	No increase in comet tail detected.	[121]

Note. From “Genotoxicity and cancer” by Fadeel B, Pietroiusti A, Shvedova AA (eds), Genotoxicity and cancer. 1st ed. Adverse effects of engineered nanomaterials: exposure, toxicology, and impact on human health. San Diego: Academic Press; 2012. p. 248–52. Copyright 2012, Adapted with permission.

8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; C60, buckminsterfullerene; CNTs, carbon nanotubes; HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography; MWCNTs, multiwall CNTs; NPs, nanoparticles; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SWCNTs, single-walled CNTs.