Fig. 14.

Left Panel: Simulation of White and Morgan’s (2008) findings in TRACE with no phoneme inhibition. Cohort competition effects are reduced and bottom-up flow of activation favouring graded sensitivity to the severity of the mispronunciations is well-established. Right panel: Mispronunciation effect (reduction in activation due to the mispronunciation) as a function of the magnitude of the mispronunciation in TRACE’s feature space. A strong, significant, correlation is observed between target preference and the severity of mispronunciations.