Table 1.
The prevalence of HIV and Overdose among PWID in Central Asia and Status of Naloxone
| Country | Estimated # of IDUS1 |
HIV Prevalence1 |
Non-Fatal Opioid OD Prevalence |
Mortality Rate from Overdose Deaths |
Naloxone Status |
Naloxone Distribution Data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | 186,000 | 3.98% – 28%2 |
20% of PWID in past year3,4 |
2.1% (11 deaths) found over a 1- year period among 480 PWID3 |
Registered, but not included in MOH purchase list since 2011 |
Pilot naloxone distribution projects in NGOs in Almaty and Karaganda have distributed naloxone to a total of 388 PWID and 97 PWID have reported successfully reversing an opioid overdose.3, 8 These pilots were interrupted from September 2011 until January 2013 when naloxone was not included on the MOH purchase list. |
| Kyrgyzstan | 44,000 | 11% | 40% life time prevalence 5i |
Not Available (N/A) |
Registered and purchased by global fund |
Narcology dispensaries around the country have distributed naloxone kits to 2200 PWID since November 2012. To date, NGOs have reported 22 cases where naloxone was successfully used8. |
| Tajikistan | 34,000 | 23.6% | 23.6% of PWID in past year6 |
N/A | Registered and purchased by global fund |
Tajikistan NGOs distributed a total of 1,836 ampoules of naloxone to PWID clients since 2011. To date, 108 cases were reported where naloxone was used to successfully reverse an OD8 |
| Turkmenistan | 11,148 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | -- |
| Uzbekistan | 80,000 | 15.3% | N/A | 0.13 per 100,0007 |
Registered but not included in purchase list |
-- |
| Total | 247,0009 – 355,14810 |
11% | N/A | N/A | -- | -- |
UNODC. (2010). Accessibility of HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care Services for People who use Drugs and Incarcerated People in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.. Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Terlikbayeva, A., Wu, E., Beyrer, C., Shaw, S., et al. (in press). HIV among Injection Drug Users and their Intimate Partners in Almaty, Kazakhstan. AIDS & Behavior.
Gilbert, L., El-Bassel, N., Primbetova, S., Hunt, T., Terlikbayeva, A., & Chang, M. (2012). Co-occurring Opioid Overdose and HIV risks among PWID in Kazakhstan: Findings from Project Renaissance. Paper presented at the National Treatment as Prevention Conference.
Kazakhstan RAC. (2010). Results of a Behavioral Surveillance Survey. Republican AIDS Center of Kazakhstan. Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Republican Narcological Center. (2012). Results of a Behavioral Surveillance Survey. Republican Narcological Center. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
Tajikistan RAC. (2011). Results of Behavioral Surveillance Survey. Tajikstan Republican AIDS Center. Dushanbe, Tajikstan.
The National Centre on Drug Control. (2012). 2012 National Report on the Drug Situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan. CADAP. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Primbetova, S., El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Terlikbayeva, A., & Hunt, T. (2012). Use of DatStat sofware for data collection, monitoring, and evaluation of naloxone peer distribution programs to respond to opioid overdoses among people living with HIV and injecting drug users in Central Asia. Paper presented at the XIX International AIDS Conference.
Degenhardt, l. 2012. Extent of Illicit Drug Use and Dependence, and their Contribution to the Global Burden of Disease. Lancet, 379, 55–70.
The estimate of 355,148 represents the sum of the estimates of PWID of all five countries listed above.