Table 1.

Participant characteristics by incarceration history (n = 720)

	Ever incarcerated (n = 251)	Never incarcerated (n = 469)	Effect size (99% confidence interval)
Demographics
Black African vs coloured	25.1%	55.7%***	OR = 0.27 (0.17–0.42)
Age	23.8* (4.2)	22.8 (4.3)	d = 0.23 (0.03–0.43)
Years of education	8.9 (1.9)	9.6*** (1.9)	d = 0.38 (0.18–0.58)
Unemployed	94.0%*	87.9%	OR = 2.18 (1.00–4.73)
Current (past 6 month) criminal behavior
Possessed drugs	54%***	29%	OR = 2.96 (1.94–4.50)
Been drunk in public	35%***	19%	OR = 2.20 (1.40–3.47)
Been in a fight	37%***	16%	OR = 3.15 (2.00–5.02)
Stolen anything	20%***	8%	OR = 2.75 (1.51–5.01)
Been involved in drug dealing/smuggling	15%***	5%	OR = 3.46 (1.69–7.06)

Notes:

^*P < 0.01;

^**P < 0.001;

^***P < 0.0001; values in the table represent means and standard deviations, unless otherwise noted.

Abbreviations: d, Cohen’s d; OR, odds ratio.