Table 1.

Definitions of the selected determinants of health.

Determinants of health	Definition
Appreciation	The construct of appreciation, the perception of popularity/acceptance by one's peers is typically used in the context of children and adolescent; it bases on feelings of social inclusion and of connectedness.45
Coping	Coping means constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are experienced as stressful or exceeding the resources of the person.46
Vocational gratification	This term bases on the equity theory and the notion of contractual reciprocity. Vocational gratification can be defined as the experience of pleasing or satisfaction with the reward for the given effort in the context of employment.47
Secondary gain from illness	The term gain means the advantages of an illness experienced by the patient and that hinder recovery are generally termed “gain”. “Secondary gain from illness” defines a preconscious holding on to the illness because of supposed or real advantages.48
Job satisfaction	It is a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience.49
Occupational balance	It is understood as a balance of social demands. Then an individual is experiencing (a) challenging and relaxing activities, (b) activities meaningful for the individual and activities meaningful in a sociocultural context and (c) activities intended to care for oneself and activities intended to care for others.50
Societal participation	Societal participation is the person's involvement in a life situation and in relations to other people (participation in society).11
Optimism	Optimism in the context of the current study means reflecting about one's life in a positive way despite a chronic disease respectively to have optimistic perspectives. It includes experiencing a chronic disease as a source for new challenges and the positive aspects – “benefits” – to having impairment.51, 52
Resilience	In psychology resilience refers to the idea of an individual's tendency to deal with stress and adversity. This may result in the individual “bouncing back” to a previous state of normal functioning, or using the experience of exposure to adversity to produce a “steeling effect” and function better than expected.44
Self-efficacy	It is our belief in our ability to succeed in certain situations. It is the individual's confidence in his or her ability to do a specific task or achieve certain outcomes.53
Sense of coherence	Sense of coherence means perceiving the world coherent. It consists of three components: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. Comprehensibility is a belief that things happen in an orderly and predictable fashion and a sense that you can understand events in your life and reasonably predict what will happen in the future. Manageability is one's belief that you have the skills or ability, the support, the help, or the resources necessary to take care of things, and that things are manageable and within your control. Meaningfulness covers a belief that things in life are interesting and a source of satisfaction, that things are really worth it.54
Social support	Social support refers to social connections, social network support and the frequency of social contact.55
Work–life balance	It is defined as the distribution of people's time between paid work and non-work activities — time with family, commuting, leisure and personal care.56