Fig 4.

Lung virus titers and lung IFN-γ and IL-6 responses. Lungs from individual mice in each group were collected on day 4 postchallenge, and lung virus titers (PFU) and lung IFN-γ and IL-6 responses were determined in the lung extracts at day 4 postchallenge. V, microneedle vaccine without trehalose; VT, microneedle vaccine with trehalose; Mock, microneedles with coating buffer only; Naïve, normal mice. Either no virus or lower virus titers were detected in VT and V groups (*, P < 0.01). No inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6 were determined in the VT group compared to the V or mock control group (*, P < 0.01). Data show averages ± standard errors of the means from 6 mice.