Fig 6.

Antibody-secreting cells (ASC) induced by microneedle VLP vaccination. Spleen (Sp) (A) and bone marrow (BM) (B) samples were collected from individual mice in each group at day 4 postchallenge. Significantly higher numbers of ASC were found in VT groups in both spleen and bone marrow than in V and mock control groups (P < 0.05). V, microneedle vaccine without trehalose; VT, microneedle vaccine with trehalose; Mock, microneedles with coating buffer only. Data show averages ± standard errors of the means from 6 mice.