Table 4. Adolescent Violent Victimization and the Competing Risks of First Cohabitation and Marriage Formation, Cox Proportional Hazard Model Estimates (N = 16,077)a,b.
| Cohabitation | Marriage | |||||||||||
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| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
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| Variables | b | (SE) | HR | b | (SE) | HR | b | (SE) | HR | b | (SE) | HR |
| Focal Variable | ||||||||||||
| Violent victimization | .380*** | (.061) | 1.462 | .308***c | (.058) | 1.361 | .450* | (.183) | 1.569 | .772*** | (.177) | 2.165 |
| Violent victimization × Timed | −.003** | (.001) | .997 | −.003**c | (.001) | .997 | -.008** | (.002) | .992 | −.007** | (.002) | .992 |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age at first interview | −.063***c | (.012) | .939 | .121*** | (.021) | 1.123 | ||||||
| Female | .345***c | (.032) | 1.412 | .548*** | (.080) | 1.730 | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White | — | — | ||||||||||
| Black | −.206***c | (.050) | .814 | −1.141*** | (.109) | .319 | ||||||
| Hispanic | −.224** | (.064) | .799 | −.022 | (.131) | .978 | ||||||
| Asian | −.379* | (.158) | .685 | −.153 | (.198) | .858 | ||||||
| Native American/other | −.283† | (.156) | .753 | −.319 | (.269) | .727 | ||||||
| Immigrant | −.246**c | (.090) | .782 | .342** | (.110) | 1.407 | ||||||
| Family SES | −.051*** | (.006) | .950 | −.055*** | (.014) | .946 | ||||||
| Urban | −.106*c | (.049) | .899 | −.322*** | (.082) | .725 | ||||||
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | −.151*c | (.059) | .860 | −.984*** | (.132) | .375 | ||||||
| Midwest | .080c | (.055) | 1.083 | −.449*** | (.122) | .638 | ||||||
| South | — | — | ||||||||||
| West | .030c | (.066) | 1.031 | −.384** | (.144) | .681 | ||||||
| Family Environment | ||||||||||||
| Live with biological parents | -.204***c | (.036) | .816 | .12l† | (.072) | 1.128 | ||||||
| Autonomy | .019 | (.012) | 1.019 | −.021 | (.022) | .979 | ||||||
| Lie to parents | .077† | (.043) | 1.080 | .176† | (.097) | 1.193 | ||||||
| Deviant Behavior | ||||||||||||
| Violent perpetration | .056**c | (.019) | 1.058 | .075† | (.044) | 1.077 | ||||||
| Nonviolent delinquency | −.018c | (.060) | .982 | −.331* | (.145) | .718 | ||||||
| Alcohol use | .061***c | (.011) | 1.063 | −.135*** | (.028) | .874 | ||||||
| Drug use | .071 | (.047) | 1.073 | −.110 | (.117) | .896 | ||||||
| Disposition | ||||||||||||
| Depressive symptoms | .004 | (.003) | 1.004 | .005 | (.005) | 1.005 | ||||||
| Instrumental problem solving | .020 | (.030) | 1.020 | .067 | (.055) | 1.069 | ||||||
| Relative pubertal development | .026* | (.012) | 1.037 | .038 | (.027) | 1.039 | ||||||
| Religious importance | −.081***c | (.015) | .923 | .276*** | (.041) | 1.318 | ||||||
| Expect to marry by age 25 | .035*c | (.017) | 1.036 | .241*** | (.033) | 1.272 | ||||||
| N of events | 8,799 | 2,241 | ||||||||||
ABBREVIATIONS: HR = hazard ratio; SE = standard error (omitted for dummy variables); SES = socioeconomic status.
a
HR = exp(b).
b
All analyses are weighted and corrected for survey design.
c
Statistically significant difference (p < .05) between coefficient for rate of cohabitation and coefficient for rate of marriage.
d
Time is measured in person months after 17 years of age.
†
p < .10;
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .001 (two-tailed tests).
Source: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), 1995-2008.