Study schema for clinical surveillance swabs. MALDI-TOF MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption–time of flight mass spectrometry; AST, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (by agar dilution); CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (per CLSI 2012 interpretative criteria); EMB agar, eosin methylene blue agar; MHT, modified Hodge test; GNB, Gram-negative bacilli. MHT was performed on isolates from the sensitivity panel (a).