Table 2.

Competing model fits for tests of measurement invariance across gender and time

Model	χ	df	Corr	RMSEA	CFI	Model	ΔCFI	Δchi
1. Configural model	699.908	448	1.163	0.032	0.971
2. Weak invariance across gender	714.370	468	1.171	0.031	0.972	M2-M1	0.001	16.690 (20)
3. Weak invariance across gender and time	799.309	483	1.175	0.035	0.964	M3-M2	0.008	78.982 (15)**
4. Partial weak invariance across gender and timea	725.455	479	1.173	0.031	0.972	M4-M2	0.000	11.471 (11)
5. Strong invariance across gender	757.982	499	1.166	0.031	0.970	M5-M4	0.002	32.903 (20)*
6. Partial strong invariance across genderb	752.311	498	1.167	0.031	0.971	M6-M4	0.001	26.570 (19)
7. Strong invariance across gender and time	1,079.069	516	1.162	0.045	0.936	M7-M6	0.035	367.240 (18)**
8. Partial strong invariance across gender and timec	806.534	499	1.168	0.034	0.965	M8-M6	0.006	38.466 (1)**

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01

^aInvariance was relaxed at item 4 at age 23, item 5 at age 13, and item 6 at age 15 and 23

^bInvariance was relaxed across gender at item 2 at age 13

^cInvariance was relaxed at item 2 at age 15 and 18, item 3 at age 13 and 23, item 4 at age 13 and 15, item 5 at age 13 and 15, and item 6 at age 15 and 18. In addition,at age 13, invariance at item 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 was relaxed across gender, and at age 15, invariance at item 2 and 4 was relaxed across gender, and at age 23, item 3 invariance was relaxed across gender