Table 4.

Effectiveness of Carve-In Versus Carve-Out Implementation Approaches

Outcome			Carve-In	Carve-Out	P Value
Diabetes Knowledge	3 months	M (SD)	5.5 (1.7)	5.5 (1.6)	0.90
		β (95 % CI)	—	−0.17 (−0.20–−0.15)	< 0.001
	12 months	M (SD)	5.4 (1.7)	5.4 (1.5)	0.92
		β (95 % CI)	—	0.16 (0.03–0.29)	0.01
Diabetes Self-Efficacy	3 months	M (SD)	82.2 (13.2)	87.8 (12.8)	0.66
		β (95 % CI)	—	−1.08 (−2.55–0.39)	0.15
	12 months	M (SD)	89.9 (12.2)	87.9 (13.8)	0.17
		β (95 % CI)	—	−3.14 (−6.41–0.12)	0.06
Health Behaviors
Physical Activity	3 months	%	40.2	43.7	0.48
		OR (95 % CI)	—	1.04 (0.54–2.01)	0.90
	12 months	%	50.0	44.9	0.36
		OR (95 % CI)	—	0.74 (0.68–0.81)	< 0.001
Fruit Intake	3 months	%	15.1	14.4	0.84
		OR (95 % CI)	—	1.38 (0.65–2.92)	0.41
	12 months	%	26.0	14.4	0.01
		OR (95 % CI)	—	0.47 (0.23–0.99)	0.05
Vegetable Intake	3 months	%	21.6	19.8	0.66
		OR (95 % CI)	—	0.99 (0.62–1.58)	0.96
	12 months	%	17.7	15.6	0.60
		OR (95 % CI)	—	1.34 (0.78–2.29)	0.29
High Rx Adherence	3 months	%	45.4	46.0	0.92
		OR (95 % CI)	—	0.75 (0.57–0.99)	0.04
	12 months	%	50.0	45.2	0.39
		OR (95 % CI)	—	1.18 (0.86–1.62)	0.30
Intermediary Clinical Outcomes
HbA1c	6 months	M (SD)	8.2 (1.6)	7.4 (1.5)	< 0.001
		β (95 % CI)	—	−0.31 (−0.56–−0.06)	0.02
Systolic Blood Pressure	6 months	M (SD)	136.6 (19.7)	132.6 (18.0)	0.08
		β (95 % CI)	—	−3.65 (−6.39–−0.90)	0.01
Diastolic Blood Pressure	6 months	M (SD)	78.9 (9.1)	78.7 (10.6)	0.86
		β (95 % CI)	—	−1.57 (−7.17–4.02)	0.58
LDL Cholesterol	6 months	M (SD)	95.3 (37.5)	87.0 (31.4)	0.11
		β (95 % CI)	—	−7.96 (−10.08–−5.83)	< 0.001

Bolded values reflect significant associations at p < 0.05