Table 3.
Relationship Among Race, Sex, and Other Factors and Patients’ Consideration of Bariatric Surgery
| Correlates | Odds ratio (95 % CI) of having considered WLS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (age + BMI) | Model 2 (model 1 + education) | Model 3 (model 2 + comorbidity) | Model 4 (model 3 + QOL) | Model 5 (model 4 + patient goals) | Model 6 (model 5 + MD Rec.) | |
| Model C-statistic | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.83 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| AA | 0.58 (0.38, 0.90) | 0.64 (0.41, 1.01) | 0.64 (0.40, 1.03) | 1.18 (0.68, 2.05) | 1.33 (0.73, 2.43) | 1.31 (0.71, 2.45) |
| Hispanic | 1.34 (0.75, 2.41) | 1.56 (0.85, 2.87) | 1.74 (0.92, 3.27) | 1.67 (0.82, 3.42) | 1.50 (0.69, 3.26) | 1.58 (0.71, 3.51) |
| Other | 0.67 (0.28, 1.66) | 0.78 (0.31, 1.96) | 0.71 (0.27, 1.89) | 1.57 (0.47, 5.22) | 1.94 (0.49, 7.73) | 1.48 (0.36, 6.16) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 0.38 (0.26, 0.57) | 0.38 (0.26, 0.57) | 0.29 (0.19, 0.45) | 0.29 (0.17, 0.48) | 0.49 (0.29, 0.84) | 0.41 (0.24, 0.72) |
| Women | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) | 0.93 (0.91, 0.96) | 0.93 (0.91, 0.95) |
| BMI | 1.15 (1.12, 1.19) | 1.16 (1.12, 1.20) | 1.14 (1.10, 1.18) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.99,1.09) |
| Education | ||||||
| ≤High school | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Some college | 2.15 (1.42, 3.26) | 2.37 (1.54, 3.65) | 2.00 (1.25, 3.21) | 2.46 (1.48, 4.09) | 2.02 (1.19, 3.41) | |
| 4 year college + | 1.59 (1.00, 2.51) | 1.70 (1.05, 2.75) | 1.32 (0.77, 2.26) | 1.11 (0.62, 1.99) | 1.08 (0.59, 1.98) | |
| Comobidities^ | ||||||
| Heart disease | – | – | 2.36 (1.25, 4.46) | – | – | – |
| Hypertension | – | – | 2.62 (1.77, 3.88) | 2.90 (1.89, 4.46) | 3.61 (2.24, 5.82) | 3.17 (1.93, 5.21) |
| Depression/anxiety | – | – | 1.63 (1.15, 2.31) | 1.53 (1.03, 2.26) | 1.46 (0.95, 2.25) | 1.45 (0.92, 2.28) |
| Obesity-specific QOL, per 10 point increase in IWQOL-lite score | – | – | – | 0.69 (0.62, 0.78) | 0.61 (0.53, 0.70) | 0.68 (0.59, 0.78) |
| Ideal weight loss (% of body weight) | – | – | – | – | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) |
| Physician recommendation | – | – | – | – | – | 4.95 (2.81, 8.70) |
All models adjusted for variables with estimates presented in the relevant columns. In Models 3, 4, and 5, other comorbidities tested (pulmonary disease, arthritis/back pain, diabetes, high cholesterol/GERD/gall bladder disease/serious liver damage) were not included in the model if they did not statistically significance; heart disease became non-significant after adjustment for QOL and was not included in Models 4, 5, and 6. In addition, Models 5 and 6 were also adjusted for patients’ perception of the health risk posed by their weight because this factor confounded the association between patients’ weight loss and the outcomes