Table 2.
Observed and expected cancer deaths and standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and Poisson rate ratios for cancer mortality in cantons active or inactive in oil exploration and production activities in the northern Amazon provinces of Ecuador, 1990–2010
| Cause of Cancer Death | Sex | Deaths (Active) | Crude rate (Active) | Deaths (Inactive) | Crude rate (Inactive) | Expected deaths | SMR | Rate ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 95 % CI | p value | 95 % CI | p value | |||||||
| All malignant neoplasms | M + F | 682 | 17.51 | 872 | 25.13 | 878.0 | 0.78 (0.72–0.84) | <.001 | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | 0.048 |
| M | 379 | 17.76 | 438 | 24.46 | 467.8 | 0.81 (0.73–0.90) | <.001 | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) | 0.165 | |
| F | 303 | 17.20 | 434 | 25.83 | 410.3 | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) | <.001 | 0.84 (0.66–1.06) | 0.145 | |
| Lip, mouth, pharynx | M + F | 8 | 0.21 | 6 | 0.17 | 5.9 | 1.35 (0.58–2.66) | 0.488 | 1.43 (0.45–4.51) | 0.541 |
| M | 5 | 0.23 | 3 | 0.17 | 3.1 | 1.60 (0.52–3.73) | 0.412 | 1.87 (0.33–10.43) | 0.475 | |
| F | 3 | 0.17 | 3 | 0.18 | 2.8 | 1.08 (0.22–3.14) | 1.000 | 1.07 (0.22–5.19) | 0.928 | |
| Esophagus | M + F | 11 | 0.28 | 17 | 0.49 | 16.9 | 0.65 (0.32–1.16) | 0.174 | 0.65 (0.30–1.38) | 0.259 |
| M | 8 | 0.37 | 13 | 0.73 | 13.4 | 0.60 (0.26–1.18) | 0.164 | 0.59 (0.24–1.43) | 0.237 | |
| F | 3 | 0.17 | 4 | 0.24 | 3.5 | 0.85 (0.17–2.49) | 1.000 | 0.67 (0.15–3.05) | 0.603 | |
| Stomach | M + F | 153 | 3.93 | 161 | 4.64 | 158.4 | 0.97 (0.82–1.13) | 0.703 | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 0.959 |
| M | 108 | 5.06 | 86 | 4.80 | 90.5 | 1.19 (0.98–1.44) | 0.079 | 1.21 (0.89–1.64) | 0.233 | |
| F | 45 | 2.55 | 75 | 4.46 | 68.0 | 0.66 (0.48–0.89) | 0.004 | 0.71 (0.45–1.12) | 0.145 | |
| Colon, rectum | M + F | 22 | 0.56 | 24 | 0.69 | 23.4 | 0.94 (0.59–1.42) | 0.873 | 0.90 (0.50–1.61) | 0.717 |
| M | 10 | 0.47 | 11 | 0.61 | 11.3 | 0.89 (0.43–1.63) | 0.859 | 0.80 (0.34–1.90) | 0.609 | |
| F | 12 | 0.68 | 13 | 0.77 | 12.2 | 0.99 (0.51–1.72) | 1.000 | 0.96 (0.44–2.13) | 0.926 | |
| Liver, bile ducts | M + F | 65 | 1.67 | 70 | 2.02 | 70.0 | 0.93 (0.72–1.18) | 0.597 | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 0.538 |
| M | 41 | 1.92 | 35 | 1.95 | 37.0 | 1.11 (0.80–1.50) | 0.550 | 0.97 (0.63–1.48) | 0.876 | |
| F | 24 | 1.36 | 35 | 2.08 | 33.1 | 0.73 (0.47–1.08) | 0.125 | 0.72 (0.42–1.21) | 0.212 | |
| Pancreas | M + F | 11 | 0.28 | 27 | 0.78 | 27.3 | 0.40 (0.20–0.72) | <.001 | 0.40 (0.20–0.81) | 0.011 |
| M | 8 | 0.37 | 14 | 0.78 | 15.0 | 0.53 (0.23–1.05) | 0.074 | 0.53 (0.23–1.27) | 0.154 | |
| F | 3 | 0.17 | 13 | 0.77 | 12.3 | 0.24 (0.05–0.71) | 0.004 | 0.24 (0.07–0.86) | 0.028 | |
| Lung, bronchus | M + F | 36 | 0.92 | 49 | 1.41 | 48.8 | 0.74 (0.52–1.02) | 0.069 | 0.72 (0.47–1.11) | 0.139 |
| M | 26 | 1.22 | 27 | 1.51 | 28.9 | 0.90 (0.59–1.32) | 0.671 | 0.89 (0.51–1.55) | 0.676 | |
| F | 10 | 0.57 | 22 | 1.31 | 19.9 | 0.50 (0.24–0.93) | 0.023 | 0.48 (0.23–1.01) | 0.053 | |
| Breast (female) | F | 16 | 0.91 | 21 | 1.25 | 20.5 | 0.78 (0.45–1.27) | 0.376 | 0.78 (0.40–1.49) | 0.444 |
| Ovary, uterus | F | 59 | 3.35 | 60 | 3.57 | 57.2 | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 0.842 | 1.01 (0.70–1.45) | 0.957 |
| Cervix | F | 28 | 1.59 | 56 | 3.33 | 54.8 | 0.51 (0.34–0.74) | <.001 | 0.51 (0.32–0.80) | 0.004 |
| Prostate | M | 50 | 2.34 | 60 | 3.35 | 58.4 | 0.86 (0.64–1.13) | 0.299 | 0.85 (0.58–1.24) | 0.389 |
| Testis | M | 3 | 0.14 | 5 | 0.28 | 5.6 | 0.54 (0.11–1.56) | 0.378 | 0.51 (0.12–2.16) | 0.357 |
| Kidney, ureter | M + F | 8 | 0.21 | 9 | 0.26 | 9.9 | 0.81 (0.35–1.60) | 0.691 | 0.55 (0.32–0.95) | 0.034 |
| M | 4 | 0.19 | 6 | 0.34 | 7.1 | 0.57 (0.15–1.45) | 0.332 | 0.56 (0.17–1.91) | 0.354 | |
| F | 4 | 0.23 | 3 | 0.18 | 2.8 | 1.42 (0.38–3.64) | 0.620 | 1.40 (0.31–6.34) | 0.658 | |
| Bladder, other urinary organs | M + F | 4 | 0.10 | 6 | 0.17 | 6.3 | 0.63 (0.17–1.62) | 0.482 | 0.71 (0.17–3.06) | 0.649 |
| M | 3 | 0.14 | 6 | 0.34 | 6.3 | 0.47 (0.10–1.38) | 0.245 | 0.50 (0.11–2.26) | 0.362 | |
| F | 1 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | |||||
| Skin, melanoma | M + F | 5 | 0.13 | 7 | 0.20 | 7.3 | 0.69 (0.22–1.60) | 0.533 | 0.72 (0.23–2.28) | 0.576 |
| M | 3 | 0.14 | 5 | 0.28 | 5.2 | 0.58 (0.12–1.69) | 0.478 | 0.47 (0.18–1.20) | 0.114 | |
| F | 2 | 0.11 | 2 | 0.12 | 2.1 | 0.96 (0.11–3.46) | 1.000 | 0.58 (0.23–1.49) | 0.257 | |
| Brain, central nervous system | M + F | 12 | 0.31 | 24 | 0.69 | 25.5 | 0.47 (0.24–0.82) | 0.005 | 0.50 (0.23–1.08) | 0.078 |
| M | 4 | 0.19 | 16 | 0.89 | 17.8 | 0.22 (0.06–0.57) | <.001 | 0.22 (0.07–0.66) | 0.007 | |
| F | 8 | 0.45 | 8 | 0.48 | 7.7 | 1.04 (0.45–2.05) | 1.000 | 1.18 (0.38–3.66) | 0.777 | |
| Thyroid | M + F | 5 | 0.13 | 9 | 0.26 | 8.7 | 0.58 (0.18.5–1.34) | 0.271 | 0.40 (0.12–1.29) | 0.123 |
| M | 1 | 0.05 | 3 | 0.17 | 3.0 | 0.33 (0.004–1.85) | 0.395 | 0.39 (0.14–1.11) | 0.076 | |
| F | 4 | 0.23 | 6 | 0.36 | 5.7 | 0.70 (0.19–1.80) | 0.658 | 0.70 (0.20–2.50) | 0.585 | |
| Bone, articular cartilage | M + F | 12 | 0.31 | 16 | 0.46 | 16.1 | 0.75 (0.39–1.30) | 0.376 | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | 0.032 |
| M | 9 | 0.42 | 8 | 0.45 | 8.5 | 1.05 (0.48–2.00) | 0.963 | 1.01 (0.39–2.64) | 0.976 | |
| F | 3 | 0.17 | 8 | 0.48 | 7.5 | 0.40 (0.08–1.16) | 0.114 | 0.41 (0.17–1.03) | 0.057 | |
| Connective/soft tissue | M + F | 3 | 0.08 | 10 | 0.29 | 9.9 | 0.30 (0.06–0.88) | 0.022 | 0.29 (0.08–1.08) | 0.065 |
| M | 2 | 0.09 | 4 | 0.22 | 4.1 | 0.48 (0.05–1.75) | 0.436 | 0.43 (0.10–1.85) | 0.252 | |
| F | 1 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.36 | 5.8 | 0.17 (0.002–0.96) | 0.041 | 0.17 (0.02–1.42) | 0.100 | |
| Lymphoma | M + F | 35 | 0.90 | 34 | 0.98 | 37.6 | 0.93 (0.65–1.30) | 0.751 | 0.92 (0.58–1.49) | 0.746 |
| M | 24 | 1.12 | 28 | 1.56 | 31.7 | 0.76 (0.48–1.13) | 0.191 | 0.66 (0.40–1.09) | 0.102 | |
| F | 11 | 0.62 | 6 | 0.36 | 5.9 | 1.88 (0.94–3.36) | 0.074 | 1.83 (0.67–4.98) | 0.237 | |
| Multiple myeloma | M + F | 2 | 0.05 | 3 | 0.09 | 2.8 | 0.72 (0.08–2.59) | 0.947 | 0.39 (0.07–2.28) | 0.296 |
| M | 1 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.9 | 1.09 (0.01–6.09) | 1.000 | 0.45 (0.03–7.34) | 0.573 | |
| F | 1 | 0.06 | 2 | 0.12 | 1.9 | 0.53 (0.007–2.97) | 0.885 | 0.47 (0.05–4.43) | 0.504 | |
| Leukemia | M + F | 64 | 1.64 | 73 | 2.10 | 80.6 | 0.79 (0.61–1.01) | 0.066 | 0.80 (0.57–1.13) | 0.199 |
| M | 34 | 1.59 | 47 | 2.62 | 54.7 | 0.62 (0.43–0.87) | 0.004 | 0.56 (0.36–0.88) | 0.012 | |
| F | 30 | 1.70 | 26 | 1.55 | 25.9 | 1.16 (0.78–1.66) | 0.464 | 0.95 (0.59–1.55) | 0.850 | |
| Leukemia, childhood (00–14 years) | M + F | 23 | 1.46 | 25 | 1.70 | 26.6 | 0.86 (0.55–1.30) | 0.559 | 0.85 (0.48–1.52) | 0.585 |
| M | 10 | 1.16 | 12 | 1.57 | 13.6 | 0.74 (0.35–1.35) | 0.409 | 0.65 (0.28–1.55) | 0.327 | |
| F | 13 | 1.83 | 13 | 1.83 | 13.0 | 1.00 (0.53–1.71) | 1.000 | 1.00 (0.44–2.24) | 0.995 | |
| Leukemia, acute non–lymphocytic | M + F | 15 | 0.39 | 15 | 0.43 | 16.9 | 0.89 (0.50–1.47) | 0.766 | 0.91 (0.43–1.93) | 0.807 |
| M | 10 | 0.47 | 9 | 0.50 | 10.7 | 0.93 (0.45–1.71) | 0.981 | 0.67 (0.30–1.47) | 0.316 | |
| F | 5 | 0.28 | 6 | 0.36 | 6.1 | 0.82 (0.26–1.91) | 0.852 | 0.75 (0.18–3.12) | 0.688 | |
| Leukemia, acute myeloid | M + F | 11 | 0.28 | 14 | 0.40 | 15.6 | 0.71 (0.35–1.26) | 0.298 | 0.70 (0.32–1.53) | 0.370 |
| M | 8 | 0.37 | 8 | 0.45 | 9.5 | 0.85 (0.36–1.67) | 0.795 | 0.85 (0.32–2.28) | 0.747 | |
| F | 3 | 0.17 | 6 | 0.36 | 6.1 | 0.49 (0.10–1.43) | 0.279 | 0.48 (0.10–2.28) | 0.351 | |
Rates are per 100,000 person-years
F: female; M: male