Table 5. Changes (post minus pre) in primary and secondary outcome measures and comparison between low intensity exercise and high intensity interval and maximal volitional intensity training.

	WALKa	AITa	Diff 95% CI	P	MVITa	Diff 95% CI	P
Primary outcome			AIT - WALK			MVIT - WALK
VO2max (ml/min/kg)b	−0.87	1.40	2.27(−0.44–4.97)	0.096	0.25	1.12(−1.39–3.63)	0.37
VO2max (ml/min/kg)c	−1.03	1.01	2.03(0.25–3.82)	0.027	−0.06	0.97(−0.76–2.70)	0.27
Secondary outcomes c
Peak heart rate – treadmill (bpm)	−1.12	−1.24	−0.11(−3.72–3.49)	0.95	−3.78	−2.67(−6.42–1.08)	0.16
BMI (kg/m2)	−0.09	−0.02	0.06(−0.29–0.42)	0.72	0.00	0.09(−0.27–0.44)	0.62
Waist circumference (cm)	−4.03	−2.46	1.57(−1.22–4.36)	0.26	−4.27	−0.23(−2.95–2.48)	0.86
Body fat (%)	−0.80	−0.71	0.10(−0.70–0.89)	0.81	−1.27	−0.46(−1.26–0.33)	0.25
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	−3.90	−4.64	−0.77(−7.64–6.11)	0.82	−5.84	−1.97(−8.48–4.53)	0.54
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	−2.33	−5.61	−3.28(−8.91–2.34)	0.25	−6.94	−4.61(−10.05–0.84)	0.10
S HOMA (%)	4.33	3.39	−0.94(−19.5–17.6)	0.92	11.94	7.6(−10.7–25.9)	0.41
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	−13.4	1.4	14.9(0.4–29.3)	0.045	2.2	15.6(0.8–30.5)	0.040
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	−2.2	1.4	3.6(−12.4–19.6)	0.65	13.2	15.4(−0.7–31.5)	0.061
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	−1.8	−0.7	1.1(−2.6–4.8)	0.55	−2.9	−1.1(−4.8–2.6)	0.56
Additional measures
Energy intake (kJ)	−2233	−528	1706(153–3259)	0.032	−520	1713(179–3248)	0.030
SF 36 – mental health	1.3	0.5	−0.8(−7.9–6.3)	0.82	3.6	2.3(−4.8–9.4)	0.52
SF 36 – physical health	−1.3	3.6	4.9(−4.5–14.3)	0.30	2.2	3.6(−5.9–13.0)	0.45
SF 36 – body pain	−8.8	−4.6	4.1(−11.6–19.5)	0.60	−17.7	−8.9(−24.3–6.5)	0.25

Values are means (SD).

^a WALK  =  low intensity walking, AIT  =  aerobic interval training, MVIT  =  maximal volitional intensity training.

^b Per protocol population WALK n = 14, AIT n = 9, MVIT n = 9.

^c Intention to treat population WALK n = 17, AIT n = 16, MVIT n = 16.