Table 5. Assessment of potential magnitude of indirect adverse ecological effects from biological control agents (including target weed removal).

Agent	Target	Magnitude	Effect, comment	Reference
Urophora affinis and U. quadri-fasciata	Centaurea maculosa	Moderate	Elevating deer mouse populations, Peromyscus maniculatus, hypothetical	[84]
Diorhabda elongata	Tamarix spp.	Moderate	Loss of saltcedar vegetation1 impacting bird nesting, mainly the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus), hypothetical	[64]
Rhinocyllus conicus	Carduus nutans	Moderate	Declining populations of native picture-wing flies when seeds of their native thistle hosts were consumed by R. conicus	[85], [86]
Chrysolina quadrigemina	Hypericum perforatum	Moderate to Major	Aggravating weeds, to Bromus spp., Convovulus arvensis, Centaurea solstitialis, Taeniatherum caput-medusae, common occurrence	[68]

¹ The absence of native trees is not the result of the biological control agent.