Table 1. Maternal and neonatal characteristics of study participants.
| Control (n = 84) | GDM (n = 24) | P Value* | |
| Mothers | |||
| Ethnicity - French Canadians | 44 (52.4%) | 13 (54.2%) | 0.13 |
| Age (years) | 31.3±5.4 | 32.3±3.6 | 0.44 |
| Primiparous | 28 (33.3%) | 7 (29.2%) | 0.70 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8±4.9 | 27.0±6.7 | 0.01 |
| Smoking | 6 (7.1%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0.60 |
| Alcohol use | 12 (14.3%) | 6 (25.0%) | 0.21 |
| Newborns | |||
| Caesarean section delivery | 23 (27.4%) | 15 (62.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Gestational age (week) | 38.8±1.6 | 38.2±2.0 | 0.12 |
| Cord plasma | |||
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 4.8±1.0 | 4.6±0.8 | 0.47 |
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 28.7±20.2 | 54.6±30.9 | <0.0001 |
| Proinsulin (pmol/l) | 15.7±11.4 | 27.8±17.0 | <0.0001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl)-to-insulin (µU/ml) ratio | 25.0 28.7±20.7 | 11.2 12.3±7.5 | <0.0001 |
| Proinsulin-to-insulin ratio | 0.59 0.7±0.5 | 0.49 0.6±0.4 | 0.34 |
Data presented are means ± SD, or n (%). GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus.
P values in Chi-square tests for differences in proportions for categorical variables, and t-tests for differences in means for continuous variables with normal data distribution, and Wilcoxon tests for differences in continuous variables with skewed data distribution.