Table 2.
Results; cohort studies
| Study | Subjects (age , male) | Median follow-up time (yrs) | Outcome | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Katzmarzyk [19] |
N = 19,173 |
10 |
All-cause mortality CVD mortality |
MHO = All cause: 25 (3%); CVD: 12 (1%); MHNW = All-cause: 160 (2%); CVD: 38 (1%); |
| MHO = 1,019 (43, 100%) |
|
|
•Unadjusted HR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR (All-cause); NR (CVD) |
|
| MHNW = 7,153 (41, 100%) |
|
|
•AdjustedA HR for MHO vs. MHNW = 0.88 (0.57-1.36) [All-cause]; 1.59 (0.81-3.12) [CVD] |
|
| St-Pierre [17] |
N = 1,824 |
13 |
Incident CVD |
Total = 284 (16%); MHO = NR; MHNW = NR |
| MHO = 54 (NR, 100%) |
|
|
•Unadjusted HR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| MHNW = 512 (NR, 100%) |
|
|
•AdjustedB HR for MHO vs. MHNW = 1.53 (0.79-3.00) |
|
| Meigs [14] |
N = 2,902 |
11 |
Incident CVD |
MHO = CVD: 19 (8%); MHNW = CVD: 19 (5%); |
| MHO = 236 (52, 51%) |
|
|
•Unadjusted RR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| MHNW = 981 (52, 27%) |
|
|
• AdjustedC RR for MHO (MetS) vs. MHNW = 1.48 (0.87-2.55)[CVD] |
|
| |
|
|
•AdjustedC RR for MHO (IS) vs. MHNW = 1.42 (0.87-2.33) [CVD] |
|
| Daly [20] |
N = 8,397 (60, 87%) |
4 |
CVD mortality |
MHO = NR (3%); MHNW = NR (2%) |
| MHO = 839 (NR,NR) |
|
|
•Unadjusted RR for MHO vs. MHNW = 1.42 (0.76-2.63) |
|
| MHNW = NR |
|
|
•Adjusted RR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| Song [21] |
N = 25,626 |
10 |
Incident CVD |
MHO = CVD: 77 (3%); MHNW = CVD: 278 (2%) |
| MHO = 2,925 (54, 0%) |
|
|
•Unadjusted RR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| MHNW = 12,943 (54, 0%) |
|
|
•AdjustedD RR for MHO vs. MHNW = 1.05 (0.66-1.66) |
|
| |
|
|
•AdjustedE RR for MHO vs. MHNW = 1.07 (0.68-1.70) |
|
| Kuk [13] |
N = 6,011 |
9 |
All-cause mortality |
Total = 292 (5%); MHO = NR; MHNW = NR |
| MHO = 78 (NR, NR) |
|
|
•Unadjusted RR for MHO (MetS) vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| MHNW = 1,461 (NR, NR) |
|
|
•AdjustedF RR for MHO (MetS) vs. MHNW = 2.80 (1.18-6.65) |
|
| |
|
|
•Unadjusted RR for MHO (IS) vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| |
|
|
•AdjustedF RR for MHO (IS) vs. MHNW = 2.58 (1.00-6.65) |
|
| Arnlov [9] |
N = 1,758 |
30 |
All-cause mortality |
MHO = All-cause: 18 (60%); CVD mortality: 5 (17%) MHNW = All-cause: 391 (44%); CVD mortality: 155 (17%) |
| MHO = 30 (50, 100%) |
|
CVD mortality |
•Unadjusted RR for MHO (MetS) vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| MHNW = 891 (50, 100%) |
|
Incident CVD |
• AdjustedG RR for MHO (MetS) vs. MHNW = 1.65 (1.03-2.66) [All-cause]; 1.20 (0.49-2.93) [CVD mortality]; 1.95 (1.14-3.34) [Incident CVD] |
|
| |
|
|
• AdjustedG RR for MHO (IS) vs. MHNW = 2.04 (1.25-3.32) [All-cause]; 1.80 (0.79-4.08) [CVD mortality]; 1.91 (1.07-3.41) [Incident CVD] |
|
| Calori [10] |
N = 2,011 |
15 |
All-cause mortality |
MHO = All-cause: 7 (16%); CVD: 2 (5%) MHNW = All-cause: 141 (20%); CVD: 58 (8%) |
| MHO = 43 (55, 28%) |
|
CVD mortality |
•Unadjusted HR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| MHNW = 708 (55, 45%) |
|
|
•AdjustedH HR for MHO vs. MHNW = 0.99 (0.46-2.11) [All-cause]; 0.73 (0.18-3.00) [CVD] |
|
| Voulgari [18] |
N = 550 (60, NR) |
|
Incident heart failure |
MHO = 43 (9%); MHNW = 17 (16%) |
| MHO = 96 (NR, NR) |
6 |
|
•Unadjusted HR for MHO vs. MHNW = 0.26 (NR) |
|
| MHNW = 109 (NR, NR) |
|
|
•AdjustedI HR for MHO vs. MHNW = 0.41 (0.10-1.31) |
|
| Hosseinpanah [12] |
N = 6,215 |
8 |
Incident CVD |
MHO = 13 (3%); MHNW = 64 (4%) |
| MHO = 408 (45, 20%) |
|
|
•Unadjusted HR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| MHNW = 1,555 (45, 57%) |
|
|
•AdjustedJ HR for MHO vs. MHNW = 1.07 (0.59-1.96) |
|
| Bobbioni Harsch [23] |
N = 436 |
3 |
CCA-IMT |
Male Subjects Mean CCA-IMT at Baseline: MHO = 0.63 (0.07) vs. MHNW = 0.59 (0.08) p = NS |
| MHO = 65 (45, 42%) |
|
|
Mean CCA-IMT at 3 years: MHO = 0.62 (0.10) vs. MHNW = 0.60 (0.07) p = NS |
|
| MHNW = 194 (43, 23%) |
|
|
Female Subjects Mean CCA-IMT at Baseline: MHO = 0.57 (0.06) vs. MHNW = 0.56 (0.06) p = NS |
|
| |
|
|
Mean CCA-IMT at 3 years: MHO = 0.61 (0.08) vs. MHNW = 0.58 (0.06) p < 0.05 |
|
| Ogorodnikova [15] |
N = 17,544 |
12 |
Incident CVD |
Total = 2,439 (14%); MHO = NR; MHNW = NR |
| |
MHO = 1,167 (56, 32%) |
|
|
•Unadjusted HR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR |
| MHNW = 4,036 (58, 33%) |
|
|
•AdjustedK HR for MHO (using various definitions) vs. MHNW = 1.30 (1.03-1.66) [ATP III definition]; 1.17 (0.87-1.57) [ATP-III Expanded]; 1.52 (1.19-1.95) [IS definition] |
|
| Hamer [11] |
N = 22,203 |
7 |
All-cause mortality |
MHO = All-cause: 38 (3%); CVD: 18 (2%); |
| MHO = 1,160 (51.3, 53%) |
|
CVD mortality |
MHNW = All-cause: 777 (6%); CVD: 225 (2%) |
|
| MHNW = 12,716 (51.9, 45%) |
|
|
•Unadjusted HR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| |
|
|
•AdjustedL HR for MHO v. MHNW = 0.91 (0.64-1.29) [All-cause]; 1.26 (0.74-2.13) [CVD] |
|
| Bo [22] |
N = 1,658 |
9 |
All-cause mortality |
MHO = All-cause: 15 (21%); CVD mortality: 8 (11%); Incident CVD: NR (8%) |
| MHO = 72 (55, 33%) |
|
CVD mortality |
MHNW = All-cause: 28 (5%); CVD mortality:7 (1%);Incident CVD: NR (3%) |
|
| MHNW = 540 (54, 38%) |
|
Incident CVD |
•Unadjusted HR for MHO vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| |
|
|
•AdjustedM HR for MHO vs. MHNW = 1.36 (0.64-2.08) [All-cause]; 2.48(1.35-3.61) [CVD mortality]; 2.76 (1.05-7.28) [Incident CVD] |
|
| Ortega [16] | N = 43,265 |
14 |
All-cause mortality |
MHO = All-cause: 52 (3%); CVD mortality: 17 (1%); Incident CVD: 30 (6%) |
| MHO = 1,738 (NR, 80%) |
|
CVD mortality |
MHNW = All-cause: 449 (3%); CVD mortality: 98 (1%); Incident CVD: 261 (4%) |
|
| MHNW = 16,002 (NR,NR) |
|
Incident CVD |
•Unadjusted HR for MHO(referent) vs. MHNW = NR |
|
| •AdjustedN HR for MHO(referent) vs. MHNW = 0.91(0.67-1.24) [All-cause]; 0.73 (0.42-1.28) [ CVD mortality]; 0.78 (0.52-1.18) [Incident CVD] |
AAdjusted for age, year of exam, smoking, alcohol use, possible existence of CVD, parental history or premature CVD, cardio-respiratory fitness; BAdjusted for age, smoking, and medication use at baseline; CAdjusted for age, sex, LDL, smoking; DAdjusted for age, treatment assignment, smoking, exercise, alcohol use, total calorie intake, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, parental history of myocardial infarction before 60 years, BMI; EAdjusted for age, treatment assignment, smoking, exercise, alcohol use, total calorie intake, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, parental history of myocardial infarction before 60 years, CRP; FAdjusted for age, sex, income, smoking, ethnicity, alcohol use; GAdjusted for age, smoking, and LDL; HAdjusted for age, sex; IAdjusted for age, sex, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity, left ventricular hypertrophy, and function on echocardiography; JAdjusted for age, gender, exercise, smoking, family history of premature CAD, high total cholesterol; KAdjusted for age, gender, race, smoking, education, alcohol use, and study cohort; LAdjusted for age, sex, smoking physical activity, socioeconomic group, and BMI; MAdjusted for age, sex, fiber intake, exercise, waist circumference; NAdjusted for age, sex, examination year, smoking, alcohol, parental history of CVD, fitness.