Table 1.
Hepatitis C prevalence, socio-demographic, behavioural, and sexual health related sample characteristics, stratified by HIV diagnosis, in a sample of men who have sex with men from Zurich
| Characteristic |
Total |
No known HIV infection |
HIV diagnosed |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 840 | n = 821 | n = 19 | |||||||
|
Hepatitis C prevalence |
% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
| Antibody* |
0.8 |
(0.4-1.7) |
7 |
0.4 |
(0.12-1.1) |
3 |
21.1 |
(8.5-43.3) |
4 |
| Antigen* |
0.2 |
(0.1-0.9) |
2 |
0.1 |
(0.02-0.7) |
1 |
5.3 |
(0.9-24.6) |
1 |
|
Age |
Years |
Years |
Years |
||||||
| Range |
17-79 |
17-79 |
19-59 |
||||||
| 25%-, 50%-, 75%-quartiles |
26, 33, 41 |
26, 33, 41 |
33, 38, 47 |
||||||
|
Country of origin |
% |
(95%-CI
1
) |
n
|
% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
| By nationality |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Swiss |
70.4 |
(67.2-73.3) |
591 |
70.6 |
(67.4-73.6) |
580 |
57.9 |
(36.3-76.9) |
11 |
| Non-Swiss |
21.2 |
(18.6-24.1) |
178 |
21.0 |
(18.3-23.9) |
172 |
31.6 |
(15.4-54.0) |
6 |
| Unknown |
8.5 |
(6.8-10.5) |
71 |
8.4 |
(6.7-10.5) |
69 |
10.5 |
(2.9-31.4) |
2 |
| By national HCV prevalence2 |
|
|
|
||||||
| < 1.5% |
3.5 |
(2.4-4.9) |
29 |
3.3 |
(2.3-4.7) |
27 |
10.5 |
(2.9-31.4) |
2 |
| 1.5-3.5% (incl. Switzerland) |
87.0 |
(84.6-89.1) |
731 |
87.3 |
(84.9-89.4) |
717 |
73.7 |
(51.2-88.2) |
14 |
| > 3.5% |
1.1 |
(0.6-2.0) |
9 |
1.0 |
(0.5-1.9) |
8 |
5.3 |
(0.9-24.6) |
1 |
| Unknown |
8.5 |
(6.8-10.5) |
71 |
8.4 |
(6.7-10.5) |
69 |
10.5 |
(2.9-31.4) |
2 |
|
Blood exposures |
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
| Blood transfusion before 1985 |
1.3 |
(0.7-2.4) |
11 |
1.4 |
(0.8-2.4) |
11 |
0.0 |
(0.0-16.8) |
0 |
| Piercing |
24.7 |
(21.8-27.8) |
198 |
24.5 |
(21.6-27.7) |
192 |
31.6 |
(15.4-54.0) |
6 |
| Performed abroad |
6.1 |
(4.6-7.9) |
51 |
6.0 |
(4.5-7.8) |
49 |
10.5 |
(2.9-31.4) |
2 |
| Genital piercing |
2.8 |
(1.8-4.2) |
22 |
2.7 |
(1.8-4.1) |
21 |
6.2 |
(1.1-28.3) |
1 |
| Tattoo |
19.9 |
(17.2-23.0) |
145 |
19.6 |
(16.8-22.7) |
139 |
35.3 |
(17.3-58.7) |
6 |
| Performed abroad |
7.9 |
(6.2-9.9) |
66 |
7.7 |
(6.0-9.7) |
63 |
15.8 |
(5.5-37.6) |
3 |
|
Current drug use |
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
| IDU3 |
3.3 |
(2.2-5.0) |
22 |
3.1 |
(2.0-4.7) |
20 |
13.3 |
(3.7-37.9) |
2 |
| NIDU of cocaine / amph.4* |
13.6 |
(11.3-16.3) |
99 |
12.8 |
(10.6-15.5) |
91 |
47.0 |
(26.2-69.0) |
8 |
| Ecstasy* |
12.2 |
(10.0-14.8) |
87 |
11.8 |
(9.6-14.4) |
82 |
31.3 |
(14.2-55.6) |
5 |
| Cannabis* |
20.4 |
(17.6-23.4) |
151 |
19.8 |
(17.1-22.9) |
144 |
46.7 |
(24.8-69.9) |
7 |
| Any of the above* |
50.0 |
(46.6-53.4) |
412 |
48.9 |
(45.5-52.4) |
394 |
94.7 |
(75.4-99.1) |
18 |
|
(Continued) |
Total |
No known HIV infection |
HIV diagnosed |
||||||
|
n
= 840 |
n
= 821 |
n = 19 |
|||||||
|
Sexual partners last year |
Number |
Number |
Number |
||||||
| Range |
0-500 |
0-500 |
0-200 |
||||||
| 25%-, 50%-, 75%-quartiles |
4, 6, 15 |
4, 6, 12 |
10, 20, 50 |
||||||
| |
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
| More than 10 sexual partners* |
30.1 |
(27.1-33.3) |
250 |
29.2 |
(26.2-32.4) |
237 |
68.4 |
(46.0-84.6) |
13 |
|
UAI5partners last year |
Number |
Number |
Number |
||||||
| Range |
0-200 |
0-60 |
0-200 |
||||||
| 25%-, 50%-, 75%-quartiles |
0, 1, 1 |
0, 1, 1 |
0, 1, 6 |
||||||
| |
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
| More than 10 UAI partners* |
1.1 |
(0.6-2.0) |
9 |
0.6 |
(0.3-1.4) |
5 |
21.1 |
(8.5-43.3) |
4 |
|
UAI episodes last year |
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
| With steady partner* |
48.5 |
(45.1-52.0) |
384 |
49.1 |
(45.6-52.6) |
380 |
23.5 |
(9.6-47.2) |
4 |
| With known casual partners |
25.1 |
(22.2-28.2) |
201 |
24.9 |
(22.0-28.1) |
195 |
33.3 |
(16.3-56.3) |
6 |
| With anonymous partners* |
11.8 |
(9.7-14.3) |
92 |
11.3 |
(9.3-13.8) |
86 |
31.6 |
(15.4-54.0) |
6 |
|
“Hard” sexual practices*6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Any that might lead to bleeding |
12.1 |
(10.1-14.5) |
102 |
11.7 |
(9.7-14.1) |
96 |
31.6 |
(15.4-54.0) |
6 |
| Fisting, receptive* |
4.0 |
(2.9-5.6) |
34 |
3.8 |
(2.7-5.3) |
31 |
15.8 |
(5.5-37.6) |
3 |
| Dildo usage, receptive |
6.9 |
(5.4-8.8) |
58 |
6.7 |
(5.2-8.6) |
55 |
15.8 |
(5.5-37.6) |
3 |
| Anal dilatation, receptive |
2.3 |
(1.5-3.5) |
19 |
2.1 |
(1.3-3.3) |
17 |
10.5 |
(2.9-31.4) |
2 |
| Enema, receptive |
1.2 |
(0.6-2.2) |
10 |
1.1 |
(0.6-2.1) |
9 |
5.3 |
(0.9-24.7) |
1 |
| Catheterisation, receptive |
1.2 |
(0.6-2.2) |
10 |
1.2 |
(0.6-2.2) |
10 |
0.0 |
(0.0-16.8) |
0 |
| With steady partner |
6.9 |
(5.3-8.8) |
57 |
6.7 |
(5.2-8.6) |
54 |
15.8 |
(5.5-37.6) |
3 |
| With known casual partners |
11.3 |
(9.3-13.6) |
94 |
10.9 |
(8.9-13.2) |
89 |
26.3 |
(11.8-48.8) |
5 |
| With anonymous partners* |
5.9 |
(4.5-7.7) |
49 |
5.5 |
(4.2-7.3) |
45 |
21.1 |
(8.5-43.3) |
4 |
| At home |
12.6 |
(10.6-15.1) |
105 |
12.3 |
(10.2-14.7) |
100 |
26.4 |
(11.9-48.9) |
5 |
| At private sex parties* |
4.6 |
(3.4-6.3) |
38 |
4.2 |
(3.0-5.8) |
34 |
21.1 |
(8.5-43.4) |
4 |
| In sex clubs* |
6.9 |
(5.4-8.8) |
57 |
6.3 |
(4.8-8.2) |
51 |
31.6 |
(15.4-54.0) |
6 |
| In cruising areas* |
3.4 |
(2.4-4.9) |
28 |
3.1 |
(2.1-4.5) |
25 |
15.8 |
(5.5-37.6) |
3 |
| Group sex7* |
5.4 |
(4.0-7.1) |
45 |
4.9 |
(3.6-6.6) |
40 |
26.3 |
(11.8-48.8) |
5 |
|
Lifetime history of STIs8 |
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
Valid% |
(95%-CI) |
n
|
| Urethral gonorrhea* |
20.2 |
(17.6-23.1) |
168 |
19.6 |
(17.0-22.5) |
159 |
47.4 |
(27.4-68.3) |
9 |
| Rectal gonorrhea |
1.7 |
(1.0-2.8) |
14 |
1.6 |
(0.9-2.7) |
13 |
5.3 |
(0.9-24.7) |
1 |
| Pharyngeal gonorrhea |
1.5 |
(0.9-2.6) |
13 |
1.6 |
(0.9-2.7) |
13 |
0.0 |
(0.0-16.8) |
0 |
| Chlamydial infection* |
10.9 |
(9.0-13.2) |
91 |
10.5 |
(8.6-12.8) |
85 |
31.6 |
(15.4-54.0) |
6 |
| Syphilis* |
8.1 |
(6.4-10.1) |
68 |
7.1 |
(5.5-9.1) |
58 |
52.6 |
(31.7-72.6) |
10 |
| Hepatitis A |
2.2 |
(1.4-3.4) |
18 |
2.0 |
(1.2-3.2) |
16 |
10.5 |
(2.9-31.4) |
2 |
| Hepatitis B* |
2.3 |
(1.5-3.5) |
19 |
1.8 |
(1.1-3.0) |
15 |
21.1 |
(8.5-43.4) |
4 |
| Genital herpes |
2.5 |
(1.6-3.8) |
21 |
2.4 |
(1.6-3.7) |
20 |
5.3 |
(0.9-24.7) |
1 |
| Genital or anal warts* |
7.8 |
(6.2-9.8) |
65 |
7.2 |
(5.6-9.2) |
59 |
31.6 |
(15.4-54.0) |
6 |
| Lesion-prone STIs9* | 18.2 | (15.8-21.0) | 153 | 17.2 | (14.7-19.9) | 141 | 63.2 | (41.1-80.9) | 12 |
*Fisher’s exact test <0.05; 1CI: confidence interval; 2National HCV prevalence according to Modh Hanafiah et al. 2012 [36]; 3IDU: injection drug use; 4NIDU of cocaine/amph.: non-injection drug use of cocaine or amphetamines; 5UAI: unprotected anal intercourse; 6“Hard” sexual practices that may lead to bleeding; 7group sex: defined as reporting 10 or more sexual partners in the past 12 months and engaging in “hard” practices (see above) in sex clubs or at private sex parties; 8STIs: sexually transmitted infections; 9Lesion-prone STIs: syphilis, rectal gonorrhoea, or chlamydial infection.