Table 4.
Risk factors associated with hypertension using a log-link Poisson model with robust standard errors
| |
Women (N = 1245
a
) |
Men (N = 1007
a
) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion with hypertension (%) |
Unadjusted prevalence ratio |
Adjusted
b
prevalence ratio |
Proportion with hypertension |
Unadjusted prevalence ratio |
Adjusted
b
prevalence ratio |
|
| PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | (%) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | ||
|
Age (years) |
|
P < 0.0001 |
P < 0.0001
|
|
P < 0.0001 |
P < 0.0001
|
| 18–29 |
16/478 = 3.4% |
1 |
1 |
29/326 = 6.5% |
1 |
1 |
| 30–44 |
58/415 = 14.0% |
4.18 (2.44–7.15) |
3.93 (2.15–7.18) |
50/315 = 15.9% |
2.45 (1.59–3.79) |
2.13 (1.10–4.11) |
| 45–59 |
48/194 = 24.7% |
7.39 (4.30–12.70) |
6.20 (3.33–11.55) |
44/151 = 29.1% |
4.50 (2.92–6.93) |
3.94 (2.05–7.56) |
| ≥60 |
70/158 = 44.3% |
13.24 (7.93–22.10) |
12.30 (6.59–22.96) |
39/93 = 41.9% |
6.48 (4.23–9.92) |
6.00 (3.10–11.58) |
|
Marital Status |
|
P = 0.006 |
P = 0.35 |
|
P < 0.0001 |
P = 0.94 |
| Single |
14/172 = 8.1% |
1 |
1 |
23/300 = 7.7% |
1 |
1 |
| Married (ever) |
171/1009 = 16.9% |
2.08 (1.24–3.50) |
0.79 (0.48–1.30) |
132/618 = 21.4% |
2.79 (1.83–4.24) |
1.03 (0.53–2.01) |
|
BMI (kg/m
2
) |
|
P < 0.0001 |
P < 0.0001
|
|
P < 0.0001 |
P = 0.0004
|
| < 25 |
105/892 = 11.8% |
1 |
1 |
130/923 = 14.1% |
1 |
1 |
| 25–30 |
48/243 = 19.7% |
1.68 (1.23–2.29) |
1.75 (1.28–2.40) |
24/68 = 35.3% |
2.51 (1.75–3.59) |
2.12 (1.45–3.11) |
| >30 |
39/110 = 35.5% |
3.01 (2.21–4.1) |
2.72 (1.94–3.83) |
7/15 = 46.7% |
3.31 (1.89–5.83) |
1.64 (0.84–3.22) |
|
Occupation |
|
P = 0.99 |
P = 0.36 |
|
P = 0.06 |
P = 0.92 |
| Unemployed |
24/158 = 15.2% |
1 |
1 |
20/176 = 11.4% |
1 |
1 |
| Manual |
157/1014 = 15.5% |
1.02 (0.69–1.51) |
0.79 (0.53–1.18) |
125/758 = 16.5% |
1.45 (0.93–2.26) |
1.06 (0.67–1.69) |
| Sedentary |
11/73 = 15.1 |
0.99 (0.51–1.92) |
1.09 (0.57–2.10) |
17/73 = 23.3% |
2.05 (1.14–3.68) |
1.16 (0.57–2.35) |
|
Education |
|
P < 0.0001 |
P = 0.61 |
|
P = 0.05 |
P = 0.43 |
| No school |
80/310 = 25.8% |
2.05 (1.55–2.70) |
1.19 (0.88–1.62) |
19/94 = 20.2% |
1.25 (0.80–1.95) |
1.15 (0.73–1.80) |
| Primary |
82/651 = 12.6% |
1 |
1 |
86/532 = 16.2% |
1 |
1 |
| Secondary |
23/222 = 10.4% |
0.82 (0.53–1.27) |
1.22 (0.77–1.94) |
37/297 = 12.5% |
0.77 (0.54–1.10) |
1.03 (0.70–1.50) |
| Tertiary and beyond |
7/62 = 11.3% |
0.90 (0.43–1.85) |
1.00 (0.44–2.28) |
20/84 = 23.8% |
1.47 (0.96–2.26) |
1.52 (0.90–2.57) |
|
Acres of land owned |
|
P = 0.50 |
P = 0.56 |
|
P = 0.58 |
P = 0.90 |
| None |
17/142 = 12.0% |
1 |
1 |
11/96 = 11.5% |
1 |
1 |
| ≤ 1 |
50/282 = 17.7% |
1.48 (0.89–2.47) |
1.47 (0.86–2.52) |
27/157 = 17.2% |
1.50 (0.78–2.88) |
1.03 (0.54–1.98) |
| 1–5 |
76/484 = 15.7% |
1.31 (0.80–2.14) |
1.30 (0.78–2.18) |
64/370 = 17.3% |
1.51 (0.83–2.75) |
1.17 (0.65–2.09) |
| ≥ 5 |
40/242 = 16.5% |
1.38 (0.81–2.34) |
1.24 (0.72–2.14) |
51/322 = 15.8% |
1.38 (0.75–2.54) |
1.07 (0.59–1.93) |
|
Tobacco use |
|
P = 0.54 |
P = 0.49 |
|
P = 0.22 |
P = 0.70 |
| No |
185/1208 = 15.3% |
1 |
1 |
120/783 = 15.3% |
1 |
1 |
| Yes |
7/37 = 18.9% |
1.24 (0.63–2.44) |
0.78 (0.39–1.57) |
42/224 = 18.8% |
1.22 (0.89–1.68) |
0.94 (0.67–1.31) |
|
Alcohol use
c
|
|
P = 0.70 |
P = 0.33 |
|
P < 0.0001 |
P = 0.02
|
| None |
148/986 = 15.0% |
1 |
1 |
59/527 = 11.2% |
1 |
1 |
| 0–10 |
34/196 = 17.4% |
1.16 (0.82–1.62) |
0.92 (0.66–1.28) |
38/236 = 16.1% |
1.44 (0.99–2.10) |
1.17 (0.79–1.71) |
| ≥10 |
10/62 = 16.1% |
1.07 (0.60–1.93) |
0.58(0.28–1.21) |
64/242 = 26.5% |
2.36 (1.72–3.25) |
1.60 (1.13–2.26) |
|
HIV |
|
P = 0.005 |
P = 0.24 |
|
P = 0.10 |
P = 0.02
|
| Negative |
183/1107 = 16.5% |
1 |
1 |
154/923 = 16.7% |
1 |
1 |
| Positive |
9/138 = 6.5% |
0.39 (0.21–0.75) |
0.69 (0.37–1.28) |
8/84 = 9.5% |
0.57 (0.29–1.12) |
0.39 (0.17–0.87) |
|
RPG
d
|
|
P < 0.0001 |
P = 0.02
|
|
P = 0.0002 |
P = 0.75 |
| < 7 |
160/1101 = 14.5% |
1 |
1 |
135/895 = 15.1% |
1 |
1 |
| 7 – 11 |
23/126 = 18.3% |
1.26 (0.84–1.87) |
1.02 (0.68–1.52) |
24/103 = 23.3% |
1.54 (1.05–2.27) |
1.17 (0.78–1.76) |
| ≥ 11.1 |
8/14 = 57.1% |
3.93 (2.44–6.33) |
2.44 (1.32–4.51) |
3/5 = 60.0% |
3.98 (1.91–8.28) |
1.10 (0.58–2.09) |
|
Family history |
|
P = 0.11 |
P = 0.11 |
|
P = 0.002 |
P = 0.007
|
| No |
139/962 = 14.5% |
1 |
1 |
114/798 = 14.3% |
1 |
1 |
| Yes | 46/248 = 18.6% | 1.28 (0.95–1.74) | 1.26 (0.95–1.69) | 42/180 = 23.3% | 1.63 (1.19–2.24) | 1.51 (1.12–2.04) |
a1067 women and 839 men included in the multivariate regression model.
bEach factor is adjusted for all other factors in the table.
cDrinks of alcohol consumed per month.
dRPG – Random plasma glucose in mmol/L.