Table 2.
Clinical and lifestyle characteristics of individuals living with and without diabetes by gender
| |
|
Individuals without diabetes |
Individuals with diabetes |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
|
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
||||
| Proportion (95% CI) | Proportion (95% CI) | Proportion (95% CI) | Proportion (95% CI) | ||||||
| |
|
Clinical characteristics
|
|||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2)† |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Underweight/normal weight |
42.7 |
(42.0–43.4) |
58.7 |
(58.0–59.3)* |
23.6 |
(21.2–25.9) |
25.7 |
(23.4–28.0) |
| |
Overweight |
40.7 |
(40.0–41.5) |
27.0 |
(26.4–27.5)* |
38.6 |
(36.2–41.0) |
31.6 |
(29.2–34.0)* |
| |
Obese |
16.6 |
(16.1–17.1) |
14.4 |
(13.9–14.8)* |
37.9 |
(35.4–40.4) |
42.8 |
(40.2–45.3) |
| Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
14.3 |
(13.8–14.8) |
15.8 |
(15.3–16.2)* |
50.1 |
(47.5–52.7) |
59.3 |
(56.7–61.8)* |
| |
No |
85.7 |
(85.2–86.2) |
84.2 |
(83.8–84.7)* |
49.9 |
(47.3–52.5) |
40.8 |
(38.2–43.3)* |
| Medication for blood pressure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
68.4 |
(67.0–69.9) |
72.2 |
(71.1–73.4)* |
89.4 |
(87.5–91.3) |
89.9 |
(87.9–91.8) |
| |
No |
31.6 |
(30.1–33.0) |
27.8 |
(26.6–29.0)* |
10.6 |
(8.8–12.5) |
10.2 |
(8.2–12.1) |
| Heart disease |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
4.5 |
(4.2–4.7) |
3.8 |
(3.5–4.0)* |
20.2 |
(17.9–22.5) |
19.3 |
(17.3–21.2) |
| |
No |
95.6 |
(95.3–95.8) |
96.2 |
(96.0–96.5)* |
79.8 |
(77.5–82.2) |
80.7 |
(78.8–82.7) |
| Suffers from effects of a stroke |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
0.9 |
(0.8–1.0) |
0.8 |
(0.7–0.9) |
3.0 |
(2.4–3.6) |
4.5 |
(3.5–5.5) |
| |
No |
99.1 |
(99.0–99.2) |
99.2 |
(99.2–99.3) |
97.0 |
(96.4–97.6) |
95.5 |
(94.5–96.5) |
| Anxiety disorder |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
3.7 |
(3.4–3.9) |
7.3 |
(6.9–7.7)* |
3.5 |
(2.7–4.3) |
8.3 |
(7.1–9.4)* |
| |
No |
96.3 |
(96.1–96.6) |
92.7 |
(92.4–93.1)* |
96.5 |
(95.7–97.3) |
91.8 |
(90.6–92.9)* |
| Mood disorder |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
4.7 |
(4.4–5.0) |
8.6 |
(8.2–8.9)* |
5.5 |
(4.4–6.5) |
13.2 |
(11.5–14.9)* |
| |
No |
95.3 |
(95.0–95.6) |
91.4 |
(91.1–91.8)* |
94.5 |
(93.5–95.6) |
86.8 |
(85.1–88.5)* |
| Overnight patient in past year |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
5.6 |
(5.3–5.9) |
9.4 |
(9.1–9.8)* |
14.7 |
(13.0–16.4) |
16.4 |
(14.6–18.2) |
| |
No |
94.4 |
(94.1–94.7) |
90.6 |
(90.2–91.0)* |
85.3 |
(83.6–87.0) |
83.6 |
(81.8–85.4) |
| Has a regular medical doctor |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
78.5 |
(78.0–79.1) |
88.7 |
(88.2–89.1)* |
93.8 |
(91.7–96.0) |
96.1 |
(95.3–96.9) |
| |
No |
21.5 |
(20.9–22.0) |
11.3 |
(10.9–11.8)* |
6.2 |
(4.0–8.3) § |
3.9 |
(3.1–4.8) |
| |
|
Lifestyle characteristics
|
|||||||
| Physical activity Level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Inactive |
47.6 |
(46.7–48.5) |
53.2 |
(52.4–53.9)* |
58.5 |
(56.0–61.0) |
68.4 |
(65.9–70.8)* |
| |
Moderately/sufficiently active |
52.4 |
(51.5–53.3) |
46.9 |
(46.1–47.6)* |
41.5 |
(39.0–44.0) |
31.6 |
(29.2–34.1)* |
| Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Never-smoked |
30.2 |
(29.5–30.9) |
42.7 |
(42.1–43.4)* |
22.0 |
(19.4–24.6) |
45.5 |
(42.7–48.4)* |
| |
Former smoker |
42.9 |
(42.2–43.6) |
36.6 |
(36.0–37.2)* |
58.8 |
(56.0–61.6) |
38.5 |
(36.0–40.9)* |
| |
Current smokers |
27.0 |
(26.3–27.6) |
20.7 |
(20.2–21.2)* |
19.2 |
(17.0–21.4) |
16.0 |
(14.0–18.0) |
| Alcohol consumption |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
More than 1 drink a week |
42.3 |
(41.5–43.1) |
25.1 |
(24.5–25.7)* |
29.5 |
(27.1–31.9) |
9.5 |
(8.1–10.8)* |
| |
1 drink a week or less |
44.4 |
(43.7–45.2) |
53.6 |
(52.9–54.3)* |
43.0 |
(40.3–45.8) |
46.5 |
(44.0–49.1) |
| |
Non-drinker |
13.3 |
(12.8–13.8) |
21.3 |
(20.7–21.9)* |
27.5 |
(24.8–30.2) |
44.0 |
(41.4–46.6)* |
| Fruit/vegetable consumption† |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Meets daily recommendations |
11.3 |
(10.8–11.7) |
23.0 |
(22.4–23.7)* |
11.8 |
(10.2–13.4) |
20.4 |
(18.3–22.4)* |
| |
Insufficient daily intake |
88.8 |
(88.3–89.2) |
77.0 |
(76.3–77.6)* |
88.2 |
(86.6–89.8) |
79.7 |
(77.6–81.7)* |
| Self-perceived general health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Excellent/very good |
62.1 |
(61.4–62.8) |
60.8 |
(60.2–61.5) |
22.2 |
(20.2–24.1) |
21.7 |
(19.2–24.1) |
| |
Good |
28.8 |
(28.1–29.4) |
28.7 |
(28.1–29.3) |
41.3 |
(38.6–44.0) |
39.8 |
(37.1–42.4) |
| |
Fair/poor |
9.1 |
(8.8–9.5) |
10.5 |
(10.1–10.9)* |
36.5 |
(33.7–39.4) |
38.6 |
(35.9–41.2) |
| Self-perceived mental health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Excellent/very good |
75.8 |
(75.2–76.4) |
74.2 |
(73.6–74.8)* |
65.6 |
(62.9–68.4) |
62.1 |
(59.5–64.7) |
| |
Good |
19.6 |
(19.1–20.2) |
20.9 |
(20.3–21.4)* |
26.1 |
(23.5–28.7) |
28.0 |
(25.6–30.4) |
| |
Fair/poor |
4.6 |
(4.3–4.9) |
5.0 |
(4.7–5.3) |
8.3 |
(6.7–9.9) |
9.9 |
(8.2–11.6) |
| Satisfaction with life in general |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Negative (dissatisfied) |
2.8 |
(2.6–3.1) |
2.9 |
(2.7–3.2) |
7.2 |
(5.0–9.4) |
7.5 |
(6.2–8.8) |
| |
Neutral |
5.4 |
(5.0–5.7) |
5.4 |
(5.1–5.7) |
7.7 |
(6.1–9.2) |
7.9 |
(6.4–9.5) |
| |
Positive (satisfied) |
91.8 |
(91.4–92.3) |
91.7 |
(91.3–92.1) |
85.2 |
(82.7–87.6) |
84.6 |
(82.5–86.6) |
| Stress in life |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Quite a bit |
36.5 |
(35.7–37.2) |
33.7 |
(33.1–34.3)* |
44.5 |
(41.7–47.2) |
40.8 |
(38.3–43.4) |
| |
A bit |
41.8 |
(41.1–42.5) |
42.3 |
(41.6–43.0) |
33.5 |
(31.1–35.8) |
37.7 |
(35.3–40.2) |
| Not very stressed | 21.7 | (21.1–22.3) | 24.0 | (23.4–24.6)* | 22.1 | (19.2–24.9) | 21.4 | (19.1–23.7) | |
†Body Mass Index categories were based on WHO classification cut-offs: underweight and normal weight (≤24.99 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.99 kg/m2), obese (≥30.00 kg/m2); Fruit/Vegetable Consumption based on 2007 guidelines and dependent upon age and gender.
*Estimates between men and women with and without diabetes are significantly different, based on non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
§This estimate is considered to be of marginal quality because of the high sampling variability associated with it.