(A–F) Effect of metformin on the expression of mRNA for mTOR, Rheb, TSC1, TSC2, cyclin D1, and ATG2, as determined with quantitative real-time PCR. (G) Effect of metformin on the expression of ERK, pERK, cMYC, CD133, and p70-S6 proteins in PDAC. (H) Effect of metformin on IGF-1 and C-protein in the serum. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot analysis as described in the text.