. 2013 Dec 9;111(1):93–98. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316265110

Table 1.

Predictors of continuous acute stress symptom scores (n = 4,652)

Variables	Model 1 b (95% CI)	Model 2 b (95% CI)	Model 3 b (95% CI)	Model 4 b (95% CI)
Prior mental health	4.25(2.61, 5.89)^^^*	4.29(2.64, 5.92)^^^*	4.21(2.58, 5.85)^^^*	3.52 (1.88, 5.16)^^^*
Media exposure (hours per day)^†
1.5–2.9	2.20(0.52, 3.89)^*	1.97(0.30, 6.64)^*	1.57(−0.14, 3.28)	2.61 (0.99, 4.23)^^
3–5.9	6.26(4.50, 8.02)^^^*	6.10(4.36, 7.85)^^^*	5.56(3.80, 7.32)^^^*	6.38 (4.64, 8.13)^^^*
6 or more	17.50(15.03, 19.97)^^^*	16.84(14.31, 19.35)^^^*	15.73(13.22, 18.24)^^^*	15.85 (13.42, 18.28)^^^*
Boston Marathon bombing exposure
Direct exposure		4.54(1.43, 7.65)^^	3.86(0.72, 7.01)^*	6.17 (3.09, 9.25)^^^*
Prior collective stress exposures
Direct exposure to 9/11			3.94(1.53, 6.35)^^	4.89 (2.45, 7.33)^^^*
Direct exposure to Sandy Hook			10.02(2.13, 17.90)^*	8.36 (0.76, 15.96)^*
Indirect exposure to Sandy Hook			0.72(−0.80, 2.24)	0.35 (−1.12, 1.83)
Demographics
Geographic comparison
National sample^‡				1.29 (−0.51, 3.08)
Female sex				2.16 (0.68, 3.65)^^
Education^§
High school				−5.33 (−9.35, −1.30)^^
Some college				−5.06 (−11.05, −3.06)^^^*
Bachelor’s degree or higher				−6.98 (−11.04, −2.91)^^
Ethnicity^¶
Mixed race, non-Hispanic				9.31 (5.06, 13.56)^^^*
Hispanic				1.47 (−0.76, 3.71)
Income				−1.13 (−1.52, −0.74)^^^*
Model statistics	F(4, 4,647) = 59.37^^^*	F(4, 4,646) = 50.00^^^*	F(8, 4,652) = 35.04^^^*	F(16, 4635) = 24.67^^^*
	R² = 0.12	R² = 0.12	R² = 0.14	R² = 0.18

P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

^{^†}

From 0 to 1.49 h of media exposure comprise the reference group.

^{^‡}

Boston and New York subsamples were not significantly different and comprise the reference group.

^{^§}

Less than a high school education comprises the reference group.

^{^¶}

Caucasians and African Americans were not significantly different and comprise the reference group.