Helicobacter hepaticus increases hepatocyte proliferation and dysregulates Wnt/β-catenin. (a) Ki-67 labelling index comparison in non-cancerous liver with and without H hepaticus (Hh) (b) Surface localisation of β-catenin in normal liver and adenoma (left two panels); constitutive Wnt activation with nuclear β-catenin translocation in a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodule (arrowheads, right panel). (c) Elevated serum interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC; murine analogue of human IL-8) in male mice with histologically overt liver lesions (hepatitis (Hep)and/or tumours (Tmr)); in females, only KC correlated with tumours. AFB1, aflatoxin B1; F, female; M, male, Norm, normal; Fl-B, fluorescence minus background.