. 2013 Dec 29;2013:149363. doi: 10.1155/2013/149363

Table 1.

Compounds derived from Crataegus in vivo cardiovascular effects.

Target	Compounds	Animal/organs	Effect	References
Antioxidant effect	TCR	Rat heart	Lipid peroxidation;	Jayalakshmi and Devaraj, 2004 [28]
			Activity of marker enzymes;
			Antioxidant enzymes;
			Oxygen uptake;
			Respiratory coupling ratio

Positive inotropic effect	WS 1442	Human myocardial tissue	cAMP-independent mechanism;	Schwinger et al., 2000 [31]
			Sarcolemmal Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase;
			Sodium pump;
			Intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration;

Anti-inflammatory effect	AEC	Rat heart	Nitritive stress;	Vijayan et al., 2012 [37]
			Oxidative stress;
			iNOS expression;
			COX-2;
			Lipid peroxidation;
			Cytochrome c;

Anti-cardiac remodeling effect	WS 1442	Rat	LV chamber volumes (VOL);	Hwang et al., 2008 [41]
			Relative wall thickness;
			Vcfc;

Antiplatelet aggregation	Crataegus aronia syn. Azarolus (L)	Rat blood	Bleeding time;	Abdullah et al., 2012 [45]
			Platelet aggregation;
			Serum levels of TXB2;

Vasodilating effect	WS 1442	Isolated rings of rat aorta	Endothelium-dependent,	Brixuis et al., 2006 [50]
			NO-mediated vasorelaxation;
			eNOS phosphorylation;
	Crataegus microphylla CM extract	Rat thoracic aorta	Endothelium-dependent relaxation;	Gökçe et al., 2013 [52]
			Vascular contraction;
			iNOS expression;
			Plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6;
			Lipid peroxidation;
	CE	Rat aorta	Endothelium-dependent nitric oxide(NO)-mediated relaxation;	Kim et al., 2000 [54]
	CE	Rat aorta	Tetraethylammonium-sensitive K⁺ channels;	Kim et al., 2000 [54]

Endothelial protection	WS 1442	Rat main mesenteric arteries	Prostanoid-mediated contractile responses;	Idris-Khodja et al., 2012 [63]
			Oxidative stress;
			COX-1 and COX-2;

Protect I/R injury	WS 1442	Rat myocardium	Contractile function;	Veveris et al., 2004 [67]
	WS 1442	Rat myocardium	Infarct size;	Veveris et al., 2004 [67]
	Crataegusoxyacantha	Rat heart	Average prevalence of malignant arrhythmias (VF + Flutter);	Makdessi et al., 1999 [68]
	Crataegusoxyacantha	Rat heart	Average prevalence of VT;	Makdessi et al., 1999 [68]
	TCR	Rat heart	Antioxidant enzyme activity;	Jayalakshim and Devaraj, 2004 [69]

Antiarrhythmic effect	Crataegus meyeri extracts	Rat	Ventricular ectopic beats;	Garjani et al., 2000 [72]
Antiarrhythmic effect	Crataegus meyeri extracts	Rat	Single extrasystoles;	Garjani et al., 2000 [72]

Lipid-lowering effect	HFC	Mice	Blood lipids;	Xu et al., 2009 [76]
			(LDL-C)/TC;
			TG levels;
	HFC	Hamsters	Serum cholesterol;	Zhang et al., 2002 [78]
			VLDL + LDL cholesterol;
			Hepatic cholesterol ester content;
	The leaf of Crataegus pinnatifida	Mice	TG and glucose absorption;	Wang et al., 2011 [79]
			Gastrointestinal transit;
			TG and free fatty acid;
	Hawthorn flavonoids	Mice	LPL expression;	Fan et al., 2006 [80]
	Hawthorn flavonoids	Mice	PPARγ-dependent mechanism;	Fan et al., 2006 [80]
	TCR	Rat	Lipids in the serum and heart;	Akila and Devaraj, 2008 [81]
			Lipid in liver and aorta;
			Activity of antioxidant enzymes;
	Whole plant of Crataegus	Zebrafish	Intravascular cholesterol levels;	Robert et al., 2012 [82]

Decrease of arterial blood pressure	Crataegus tanacetifolia leaf extract	Rats coronary artery	L-NAME-induced hypertension;	Koçyõldõz et al., 2006 [83]
	Crataegus tanacetifolia leaf extract	Rats coronary artery	Beneficial effects on cardiovascular system;	Koçyõldõz et al., 2006 [83]
	Aqueous extract of Crataegus	Rat	HR and MAP;	Shatoor, 2013 [84]
			Sinus node suppression;
			Atrioventricular blockade; Muscarinic receptor M2;
			Blockade of beta-receptors;

Notes: TCR: tincture of Crataegus; AEC: alcoholic extract of Crataegus oxycantha; Vcfc: velocity of circumferential shortening; TXB2: thromboxane B2; CE: Crataegus fruit extracts; CM: Crataegus microphylla; VT: ventricular tachycardia; TC: serum cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HFC: hawthorn fruit compound; HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure.