Table 2.
Studies on the factors affecting the epidemic of cesarean sections in the People’s Republic of China
| Title | Author | Year | Study type | Data source | Factors | Language |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impact of Financial and Educational Interventions on Maternity Care: Results of Cluster Randomized Trials in Rural China, CHIMACA | Hemminki41 | 2013 | RCT | Trial | Structural | English |
| Practice audits to reduce caesareans in a tertiary referral hospital in south-western China | Runmei42 | 2012 | Quasi-experimental | Hospital records | Structural | English |
| Clinical outcomes of the first midwife-led normal birth unit in China: a retrospective cohort study | Cheung43 | 2011 | Quasi-experimental | Hospital records | Structural | English |
| Dramatic increase of Cesarean deliveries in the midst of health reforms in rural China | Bogg35 | 2010 | Quasi-experimental | Hospital survey | Structural | English |
| Exploring factors influencing Chinese women’s decision to have elective caesarean surgery | Lee31 | 2001 | Qualitative study | Hospital | Personal | English |
| Views of Chinese women and health professionals about midwife-led care in China | Cheung72 | 2011 | Qualitative study | Hospital | Structural | English |
| Risk factors associated with cesarean section in a Chinese rural population: a cross sectional study | Zhou48 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Clinical | English |
| Clinical indications and determinants of the rise of cesarean section in three hospitals in rural China | Qin44 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Clinical | English |
| A 12-month prospective survey of perinatal outcome of liveborn neonates in Julu County, China | Ma19 | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Clinical | English |
| The clinical outcomes of late preterm infants: a multi-center survey of Zhejiang, China | Ma45 | 2009 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Clinical | English |
| Trends in maternal obesity and associated risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a population of Chinese women | Leung73 | 2008 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Clinical | English |
| Cesarean delivery in Shantou, China: a retrospective analysis of 1922 women | Wu64 | 2001 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Clinical | English |
| Factors related to the high cesarean section rate and their effects on the “price transparency policy” in Beijing, China | Hong40 | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Mixed | English |
| Consequences of Birth Policies and Practices in Post-Reform China | Harris30 | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Mixed | English |
| Is generalized maternal optimism or pessimism during pregnancy associated with unplanned cesarean section deliveries in China? | Moyer74 | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Personal | English |
| A study on personal mode of delivery among Chinese obstetrician-gynecologists, midwives and nurses | Ouyang29 | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Personnel survey | Structural | English |
| Prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with the outcome of pregnancy: a 13-year study of 292,568 cases in China | Liu65 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Clinical | English |
| Secular trends of macrosomia in southeast China, 1994–2005 | Lu24 | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Clinical | English |
| Delivery settings and caesarean section rates in China | Sufang23 | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | English |
| Cesarean section delivery among primiparous women in rural China: an emerging epidemic | Klemetti26 | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | English |
| Cesarean delivery on maternal request in southeast China | Zhang32 | 2008 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | English |
| Increased cesarean section rates and emerging patterns of health insurance in Shanghai, China | Cai22 | 1998 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | English |
| Utilization of antenatal ultrasound scan and implications for caesarean section: a cross-sectional study in rural Eastern China | Huang46 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | English |
| Factors influencing rising caesarean section rates in China between 1988 and 2008 | Feng27 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | English |
| Rising cesarean delivery rate in primiparous women in urban China: evidence from three nationwide household health surveys | Tang25 | 2006 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | English |
| High Caesarean section rate in rural China: is it related to health insurance (New Co-operative Medical Scheme)? | Long33 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Structural | English |
| Maternal socio-economic indices for prenatal care research in rural China | Nwaru38 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Structural | English |
| Giving birth at a health-care facility in rural China: is it affordable for the poor? | Long37 | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Structural | English |
| Utilization of delivery care among rural women in China: does the health insurance make a difference? a cross-sectional study | Xiao39 | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Structural | English |
| Impact of alternative reimbursement strategies in the new cooperative medical scheme on caesarean delivery rates: a mixed-method study in rural China | Huang67 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | English |
| A mixed-method study of factors associated with differences in caesarean section rates at community level: The case of rural China | Huang36 | 2013 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | English |
| Popularizing labor analgesia in China | Fan75 | 2007 | Conference report | Conference paper | Clinical | English |
| Determinants of caesarean delivery among women hospitalized for childbirth in a remote population in China | Lei76 | 2003 | Case control | Hospital records | Clinical | English |
| Obstetric outcome of women with uterine anomalies in China | Zhang50 | 2010 | Case control | Hospital records | Clinical | English |
| National survey on midwifery practice in health facilities in China | Wang20 | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Hospital survey | Structural | Chinese |
| An Analysis of Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request in Sichuan Province | Wu77 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Personal | Chinese |
| Influence of nursing intervention on decreasing the rate of elective caesarean section | Song78 | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Mixed | Chinese |
| Study on Dynamic Changes of Cesarean Section Rate and the Factors in a Hospital of Yuzhou City from 1983 to 2008 | Zhang68 | 2009 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Mixed | Chinese |
| Changing Cesarean Section Rate and Indication In 1990 And 2002 | Zhao16 | 2005 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Mixed | Chinese |
| A 15-year retrospective analysis of caesarean rate and the indications of caesarean | Li70 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Mixed | Chinese |
| Analysis on the cause of social factors affecting cesarean section and the counter-measures | Zeng79 | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Mixed | Chinese |
| Analysis on the 50-year Cesarean Rate and Indications | Feng17 | 2005 | Cross-sectional | Hospital records | Mixed | Chinese |
| Trends of caesarean section and related social and demographic factors in China from 1971 to 2003 | Guo80 | 2005 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Mixed | Chinese |
| Secular trends of cesarean delivery and cesarean delivery on maternal request among primiparous women with singleton pregnancy in Southern and Northern China during 1993–2010 | Zhu81 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Personal | Chinese |
| A survey of neonatal births in maternity departments in urban China in 2005 | Li71 | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Population survey | Personal | Chinese |
| National conference on cesarean delivery notes | Zhang28 | 1989 | Conference report | Conference paper | Clinical | Chinese |
| Study on the occurrence of cesarean section (CS) and factors related to CS in China | Cheng47 | 2003 | Case control | Hospital records | Clinical | Chinese |
| Impact of maternal hepatitis B surface antigen carrier status on preterm delivery in southern China | Lu45 | 2012 | Case control | Hospital records | Clinical | Chinese |
Abbreviation: RCT, randomized controlled trial.