Table 1.
Patient characteristics and subgrouping
| Pt no | Sex/age/duration (years) | MRI | MRS (ipsilat/contra) | Other imaging | EEG (IED/ictal) | icEEG (IED/ictal) | Seizure focus (resection) | Histopathological findings | Outcome (Engel) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRI-positive unilateral TLE | |||||||||
| 1 | M/22/10 | R HS | NAA↓Cr↑ | R temp/R temp | R temp and front | R HS + MCD | I | ||
| 2 | M/22/16 | L HS | NAA↓ | L temp/L temp | L temp | L HS + MCD | I | ||
| 3 | F/28/15 | R HS | NAA↓Cr↑ | R temp and front/R temp | R temp and front | R HS + MCD | I | ||
| 4 | M/13/10 | L TA | NAA↓Cr↑ | B temp and L front/L temp | L temp | L tumor | I | ||
| 5 | M/54/26 | L HA | NAA↓Cr↑ | L temp/L temp | L temp | L MCD | I | ||
| 6 | F/40/13 | L HA | NAA↓/Cho↑ | B temp and R front/L temp and front | L temp | L HS + MCD | I | ||
| 7 | M/38/28 | R HA | NAA↓Cr↑ | B temp/R temp | R temp | R HS + MCD | II | ||
| MRI-positive bilateral TLE | |||||||||
| 8 | M/14/9 | B HS | /NAA↓ | B temp/B temp (L origin) | L temp | L HS + MCD | II | ||
| 9 | M/19/15 | L HA | NAA↓Cho↑/NAA↓ | L temp/B temp | L temp/B temp (L) | L temp | L HS + MCD | I | |
| 10 | M/23/9 | L HA | NAA↓Cr↑/NAA↓ | B temp and front/B front | B temp and front/L temp and front | L temp and front | L HS + MCD | II | |
| 11 | M/28/28 | B TA | NAA↓ | B temp and front/B temp (L origin) | B temp/B temp (L) | B temp (L temp) | L MCD | II | |
| MRI-negative unilateral TLE | |||||||||
| 12 | M/9/7 | 0 | Cho↑/NAA↓ | B temp/L temp and front | L temp and front | L HS + MCD | I | ||
| 13 | F/31/20 | 0 | NAA↓ | B temp and front/L temp and front | B temp/L temp | L temp | L HS + MCD | I | |
| 14 | M/19/6 | 0 | NAA↓Cr↑ | L temp/L temp | L temp (Na) | Na | Na | ||
| 15 | F/18/2 | 0 | NAA↓Cr↑ | B temp and R parietal/L temp | L temp | L HS + MCD | I | ||
| 16 | M/28/5 | 0 | Cho↑/NAA↓ | B temp and front/L temp | L front/L front and temp | L front and temp (L front) | L MCD | I | |
| MRI-negative bilateral TLE | |||||||||
| 17 | M/33/22 | 0 | Cho↑/NAA↓ | B temp/B temp | B temp/R temp | B temp (R temp) | R HS + MCD | III | |
| 18 | F/42/10 | 0 | Cho↑/NAA↓ | L temp/B temp | L temp and front | L HS | I | ||
| 19 | M/29/3 | 0 | NAA↓Cr↑ | R temp and front/R temp | B temp/B temp (L) | B temp (L temp) | L MCD | I | |
| 20 | F/24/22 | 0 | /NAA↓ | PET: B temp↓ (R↓) | B temp and front/B temp and front | B temp/R temp | R temp | R HS + MCD | II |
| 21 | M/30/22 | 0 | NAA↓Cho↑/NAA↓ | B temp and L front/B temp | B temp/B temp | B temp (L temp) | L MCD | I | |
| 22 | F/28/15 | 0 | NAA↓/NAA↓ | SPECT (ictal): L temp | B temp and R front/L temp | B temp/R temp | R temp and front | R HS + MCD | IV |
| 23 | M/13/8 | 0 | NAA↓Cho↑ | B temp and front/B temp | B temp/L temp | L temp | L HS + MCD | II | |
| 24 | F/32/25 | 0 | Cho↑/NAA↓ | B temp and front/B temp (R) | B temp (R)/B temp and parietal (R) | R temp and parietal | R calcification | I | |
Notes: The metabolites with AI ≥0.12 are reported. NAA ↓ represents the AI of (NAA/[Cho + Cr]) or (NAA/Cr) or (NAA) ≥0.12.
Abbreviations: Pt, patient; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; ipsilat, ipsilateral; contra, contralateral; EEG, electroencephalogram; PET, positron emission tomography; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography; IED, interictal epileptiform discharge; ictal, ictal activity; Engel, Engel classification; icEEG, intracranial EEG; TLE, temporal-lobe epilepsy; M, male; F, female; L, left; R, right; B, bilateral; HS, hippocampal sclerosis; TA, temporal abnormality; HA, hippocampal abnormality; 0, negative-MRI; NAA, N-acetyl aspartate; Cho, choline; Cr, creatine; temp, temporal lobe; front, frontal lobe; parietal, parietal lobe; MCD, malformation of cortical development; Na, not available due to non-surgery performed (for one patient); AI, asymmetry index.