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. 2014 Jan 14;9(1):e85144. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085144

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© 2014 Yi et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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HAFs in the siRNA-Cav group were transfected with the caveolin-1 siRNA using Hiperfect transfection reagent following protocols provided by the manufacturer, and then HAFs were treated with 100 ng TGF-β1 for 48 h. HAFs in TGF-β1 group were only treated with 100 ng TGF-β1 for 48 h. Note that downregulation of caveolin-1 with the caveolin-1 siRNA increased the amount of phosphorylated Smad 2/3 compared to the TGF-β1 group. HAFs, human atrial fibroblasts. siRNA-Cav, the caveolin-1 siRNA. p-Smad2, phosphorylated Smad 2. p-Smad3, phosphorylated Smad 3. t-Smad, the total Smad 2/3. *P<0.05 vs. control group. #P<0.05 vs. TGF-β1 group. n = 3 per group; measurement in triplicate for each single experiment.