Skip to main content
Protein & Cell logoLink to Protein & Cell
. 2013 Mar 12;4(2):155–161. doi: 10.1007/s13238-012-2126-2

AMPK interacts with DSCAM and plays an important role in Netrin-1 induced neurite outgrowth

Kun Zhu 12126, Xiaoping Chen 22126, Jianghong Liu 12126, Haihong Ye 12126, Li Zhu 12126,, Jane Y Wu 22126,
PMCID: PMC3893083  NIHMSID: NIHMS503976  PMID: 23479427

Abstract

Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) acts as a netrin-1 receptor and mediates attractive response of axons to netrin-1 in neural development. However, the signaling mechanisms of netrin-DSCAM remain unclear. Here we report that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) interacts with DSCAM through its γ subunit, but does not interact with DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer), another major receptor for netrin-1. Netrin-treatment of cultured cortical neurons leads to increased phosphorylation of AMPK. Both AMPK mutant with dominant-negative effect and AMPK inhibitor can significantly suppress netrin-1 induced neurite outgrowth. Together, these findings demonstrate that AMPK interacts with DSCAM and plays an important role in netrin-1 induced neurite outgrowth. Our study uncovers a previously unknown component, AMPK, in netrin-DSCAM signaling pathway.

Keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), neurite outgrowth, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM), netrin

Contributor Information

Li Zhu, Email: zhuli@moon.ibp.ac.cn.

Jane Y. Wu, Email: jane-wu@northwestern.edu

References

  1. Abe N, Borson SH, Gambello MJ, Wang F, Cavalli V. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation increases axonal growth capacity of injured peripheral nerves. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:28034–28043. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.125336. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ackerman SL, Kozak LP, Przyborski SA, Rund LA, Boyer BB, Knowles BB. The mouse rostral cerebellar malformation gene encodes an UNC-5-like protein. Nature. 1997;386:838–842. doi: 10.1038/386838a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Agarwala KL, Nakamura S, Tsutsumi Y, Yamakawa K. Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule DSCAM mediates homophilic intercellular adhesion. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2000;79:118–126. doi: 10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00108-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Amato S, Liu X, Zheng B, Cantley L, Rakic P, Man HY. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates neuronal polarization by interfering with PI 3-kinase localization. Science. 2011;332:247–251. doi: 10.1126/science.1201678. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Carling D. The AMP-activated protein kinase cascade—a unifying system for energy control. Trends Biochem Sci. 2004;29:18–24. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2003.11.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chan SS, Zheng H, Su MW, Wilk R, Killeen MT, Hedgecock EM, Culotti JG. UNC-40, a C. elegans homolog of DCC (Deleted in Colorectal Cancer), is required in motile cells responding to UNC-6 netrin cues. Cell. 1996;87:187–195. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81337-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Christie KJ, Webber CA, Martinez JA, Singh B, Zochodne DW. PTEN inhibition to facilitate intrinsic regenerative outgrowth of adult peripheral axons. J Neurosci. 2010;30:9306–9315. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6271-09.2010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dasgupta B, Milbrandt J. Resveratrol stimulates AMP kinase activity in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:7217–7222. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0610068104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Fazeli A, Dickinson SL, Hermiston ML, Tighe RV, Steen RG, Small CG, Stoeckli ET, Keino-Masu K, Masu M, Rayburn H, et al. Phenotype of mice lacking functional Deleted in colorectal cancer (Dcc) gene. Nature. 1997;386:796–804. doi: 10.1038/386796a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Fuerst PG, Bruce F, Tian M, Wei W, Elstrott J, Feller MB, Erskine L, Singer JH, Burgess RW. DSCAM and DSCAML1 function in self-avoidance in multiple cell types in the developing mouse retina. Neuron. 2009;64:484–497. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fuerst PG, Koizumi A, Masland RH, Burgess RW. Neurite arborization and mosaic spacing in the mouse retina require DSCAM. Nature. 2008;451:470–474. doi: 10.1038/nature06514. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Guo W, Qian L, Zhang J, Zhang W, Morrison A, Hayes P, Wilson S, Chen T, Zhao J. Sirt1 overexpression in neurons promotes neurite outgrowth and cell survival through inhibition of the mTOR signaling. J Neurosci Res. 2011;89:1723–1736. doi: 10.1002/jnr.22725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hardie DG. AMP-activated/SNF1 protein kinases: conserved guardians of cellular energy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007;8:774–785. doi: 10.1038/nrm2249. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hardie DG. AMPK and Raptor: matching cell growth to energy supply. Mol Cell. 2008;30:263–265. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.04.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hardie DG, Salt IP, Hawley SA, Davies SP. AMP-activated protein kinase: an ultrasensitive system for monitoring cellular energy charge. Biochem J. 1999;338:717–722. doi: 10.1042/bj3380717. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hardie DG, Scott JW, Pan DA, Hudson ER. Management of cellular energy by the AMP-activated protein kinase system. FEBS Lett. 2003;546:113–120. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00560-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hawley SA, Boudeau J, Reid JL, Mustard KJ, Udd L, Makela TP, Alessi DR, Hardie DG. Complexes between the LKB1 tumor suppressor, STRAD alpha/beta and MO25 alpha/beta are upstream kinases in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. J Biol. 2003;2:28. doi: 10.1186/1475-4924-2-28. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hawley SA, Pan DA, Mustard KJ, Ross L, Bain J, Edelman AM, Frenguelli BG, Hardie DG. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta is an alternative upstream kinase for AMP-activated protein kinase. Cell Metab. 2005;2:9–19. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.05.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hedgecock EM, Culotti JG, Hall DH. The unc-5, unc-6, and unc-40 genes guide circumferential migrations of pioneer axons and mesodermal cells on the epidermis in C. elegans. Neuron. 1990;4:61–85. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90444-K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hong SP, Leiper FC, Woods A, Carling D, Carlson M. Activation of yeast Snf1 and mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase by upstream kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:8839–8843. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1533136100. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hughes ME, Bortnick R, Tsubouchi A, Baumer P, Kondo M, Uemura T, Schmucker D. Homophilic Dscam interactions control complex dendrite morphogenesis. Neuron. 2007;54:417–427. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.04.013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Inoki K, Zhu T, Guan KL. TSC2 mediates cellular energy response to control cell growth and survival. Cell. 2003;115:577–590. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00929-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kahn BB, Alquier T, Carling D, Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase: ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism. Cell Metab. 2005;1:15–25. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2004.12.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Keino-Masu K, Masu M, Hinck L, Leonardo ED, Chan SS, Culotti JG, Tessier-Lavigne M. Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) encodes a netrin receptor. Cell. 1996;87:175–185. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81336-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kennedy TE, Serafini T, de la Torre JR, Tessier-Lavigne M. Netrins are diffusible chemotropic factors for commissural axons in the embryonic spinal cord. Cell. 1994;78:425–435. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90421-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Kolodziej PA, Timpe LC, Mitchell KJ, Fried SR, Goodman CS, Jan LY, Jan YN. frazzled encodes a Drosophila member of the DCC immunoglobulin subfamily and is required for CNS and motor axon guidance. Cell. 1996;87:197–204. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81338-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Leonardo ED, Hinck L, Masu M, Keino-Masu K, Ackerman SL, Tessier-Lavigne M. Vertebrate homologues of C. elegans UNC-5 are candidate netrin receptors. Nature. 1997;386:833–838. doi: 10.1038/386833a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Leung-Hagesteijn C, Spence AM, Stern BD, Zhou Y, Su MW, Hedgecock EM, Culotti JG. UNC-5, a transmembrane protein with immunoglobulin and thrombospondin type 1 domains, guides cell and pioneer axon migrations in C. elegans. Cell. 1992;71:289–299. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90357-I. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Li HS, Chen JH, Wu W, Fagaly T, Zhou L, Yuan W, Dupuis S, Jiang ZH, Nash W, Gick C, et al. Vertebrate slit, a secreted ligand for the transmembrane protein roundabout, is a repellent for olfactory bulb axons. Cell. 1999;96:807–818. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80591-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Liu G, Beggs H, Jurgensen C, Park HT, Tang H, Gorski J, Jones KR, Reichardt LF, Wu J, Rao Y. Netrin requires focal adhesion kinase and Src family kinases for axon outgrowth and attraction. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7:1222–1232. doi: 10.1038/nn1331. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Liu G, Li W, Wang L, Kar A, Guan KL, Rao Y, Wu JY. DSCAM functions as a netrin receptor in commissural axon pathfinding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:2951–2956. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811083106. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Liu K, Lu Y, Lee JK, Samara R, Willenberg R, Sears-Kraxberger I, Tedeschi A, Park KK, Jin D, Cai B, et al. PTEN deletion enhances the regenerative ability of adult corticospinal neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13:1075–1081. doi: 10.1038/nn.2603. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Ly A, Nikolaev A, Suresh G, Zheng Y, Tessier-Lavigne M, Stein E. DSCAM is a netrin receptor that collaborates with DCC in mediating turning responses to netrin-1. Cell. 2008;133:1241–1254. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.030. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Matthews BJ, Kim ME, Flanagan JJ, Hattori D, Clemens JC, Zipursky SL, Grueber WB. Dendrite self-avoidance is controlled by Dscam. Cell. 2007;129:593–604. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Mitchell KJ, Doyle JL, Serafini T, Kennedy TE, Tessier-Lavigne M, Goodman CS, Dickson BJ. Genetic analysis of Netrin genes in Drosophila: Netrins guide CNS commissural axons and peripheral motor axons. Neuron. 1996;17:203–215. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80153-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Palmesino E, Haddick PCG, Tessier-Lavigne M, Kania A. Genetic Analysis of DSCAM’s Role as a Netrin-1 Receptor in Vertebrates. J Neurosci. 2012;32:411–416. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3563-11.2012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Park KK, Liu K, Hu Y, Smith PD, Wang C, Cai B, Xu B, Connolly L, Kramvis I, Sahin M, et al. Promoting axon regeneration in the adult CNS by modulation of the PTEN/mTOR pathway. Science. 2008;322:963–966. doi: 10.1126/science.1161566. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Schmucker D, Clemens JC, Shu H, Worby CA, Xiao J, Muda M, Dixon JE, Zipursky SL. Drosophila Dscam is an axon guidance receptor exhibiting extraordinary molecular diversity. Cell. 2000;101:671–684. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80878-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Shackelford DB, Shaw RJ. The LKB1-AMPK pathway: metabolism and growth control in tumour suppression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9:563–575. doi: 10.1038/nrc2676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Soba P, Zhu S, Emoto K, Younger S, Yang SJ, Yu HH, Lee T, Jan LY, Jan YN. Drosophila sensory neurons require Dscam for dendritic self-avoidance and proper dendritic field organization. Neuron. 2007;54:403–416. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.029. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Tessier-Lavigne M, Placzek M, Lumsden AG, Dodd J, Jessell TM. Chemotropic guidance of developing axons in the mammalian central nervous system. Nature. 1988;336:775–778. doi: 10.1038/336775a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Wang X, Meng D, Chang Q, Pan J, Zhang Z, Chen G, Ke Z, Luo J, Shi X. Arsenic inhibits neurite outgrowth by inhibiting the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118:627–634. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901510. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Williams T, Courchet J, Viollet B, Brenman JE, Polleux F. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity is not required for neuronal development but regulates axogenesis during metabolic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:5849–5854. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1013660108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Wojtowicz WM, Flanagan JJ, Millard SS, Zipursky SL, Clemens JC. Alternative splicing of Drosophila Dscam generates axon guidance receptors that exhibit isoform-specific homophilic binding. Cell. 2004;118:619–633. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.08.021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Woods A, Dickerson K, Heath R, Hong SP, Momcilovic M, Johnstone SR, Carlson M, Carling D. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta acts upstream of AMP-activated protein kinase in mammalian cells. Cell Metab. 2005;2:21–33. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.06.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Wu JY, Maniatis T. Specific interactions between proteins implicated in splice site selection and regulated alternative splicing. Cell. 1993;75:1061–1070. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90316-I. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Xu Y, Ye H, Shen Y, Xu Q, Zhu L, Liu J, Wu JY. Dscam mutation leads to hydrocephalus and decreased motor function. Protein Cell. 2011;2:647–655. doi: 10.1007/s13238-011-1072-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Yamakawa K, Huot YK, Haendelt MA, Hubert R, Chen XN, Lyons GE, Korenberg JR. DSCAM: a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily maps in a Down syndrome region and is involved in the development of the nervous system. Hum Mol Genet. 1998;7:227–237. doi: 10.1093/hmg/7.2.227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Zervos AS, Gyuris J, Brent R. Mxi1, a protein that specifically interacts with Max to bind Myc-Max recognition sites. Cell. 1993;72:223–232. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90662-A. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Protein & Cell are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES