. 2014 Jan 15;9(1):e83498. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083498

Table 2. Acute and Short-Term Studies.

Study	Participants	Intervention	Meals	Results: Exercise	Results: Diet
Balaguera-Cortez et al. (2011) [77]	10 men: Age = 21.3 (1.4); BMI = 23.7 (2); VO₂ max = 58.1 (7.3) ml/kg/min	45 min aerobic: Treadmill at 70% of VO₂ peak; 45 min RT: 3 sets of 12 reps of 8 different exercises; Control: 45 min rest; experiment started at 7 AM, 45 min exercise, 30 min rest, followed by assessment of EI.	Buffet-type breakfast, foods and drinks for 30 min and instructed to eat ad libitum and to satiation.	Total weight lifted = 14,432 (3,551) kg. Aerobic exercise was at 71 (7%) VO₂ peak, and EEEx was 2818 (418) kJ for the 45 min. Estimated EEEX from the RT trial was 1,350 kJ for 45 min. Control EE was 256 kJ for 45 min.	No significant effect of trial on total EI, or CHO, fat, or protein both in grams and as a percent of total EI. Also no differences between trials in solid food or drink consumption as a % of total EI.
Deighton et al. (2012) [81]	12 men: Age = 23.0 (3.0); BMI = 22.9 (2.1); VO₂ max = 57.9 (9.7) ml/kg/min	Control: 60 min rest; Exercise: 60 min treadmill run at 70% max VO₂ performed either in a fasted (8 AM) or fed (12 PM) state.	Standardized breakfast served at 9:30 AM. Buffet meal offered at 1:30 and 5:30 PM.	Net EEEx fasted trial = 3247 (423 kJ); Net EEEx fed trial = 3234 (435) kJ	No significant differences in EI between trials resulting in a negative energy balance in the exercise trials relative to control after accounting for differences in EEEx.
Erdman et al. (2007) [64] Intensity trial	5 women, 2 men: Age = 24.4 (0.6); BMI = 21.4 (0.8); Activity level/fitness = NR	Low intensity exercise: 30 min at 50 W (60 rpm). Higher intensity exercise: 30 min at 100 W (60 rpm). Control: 45 min rest.	Sandwiches consisting of bread, butter and ham (2.73 kcal/g, energy percent: 44.4% carbohydrate, 16.2% protein and 39.4% fat). Test meal offered 15 min post exercise	EEEX low intensity = 85.6 Kcal; EEEx higher intensity = 171.2 Kcal	Food (g) and EI (kcal) were not different after either intensity compared to the control.
Erdman et al. (2007) [64] Duration trial	3 women, 4 men: Age = 24.8 (0.7); BMI = 22.1 (NR); Activity level/fitness = NR	Cycle ergometer exercise (60 rpm) for 30, 60, 120 min at 50 W.	Same as above	EEEx 30 min = 85.6 Kcal; EEEx 60 min = 171.2 Kcal; EEEx 120 min = 342.4 Kcal	EI and food intake after the 30 and 60 min exercise bouts was not different from controls. EI and food intake following the 120 min bout were significantly greater than control.
Farah et al. (2010) [96]	10 men: Age = 35 (6); BMI = 28.2 (2.4); VO₂ max = 43.0(6.4) ml/kg/min	3–4 day trials: Control: No exercise on days 1–3. EX-1: One exercise session on day 3; treadmill walking, 50% VO₂ max. EX-3: exercise sessions on each day 1–3 at 50% VO2max.	Reported to metabolic suite on the morning of day 4. Presented with ad lib buffet style breakfast and lunch.	Net EEEx = 2.98 (0.11) MJ in EX-1 and 8.92 (0.30) MJ in EX-3.	There were no differences between trials in energy, fat, carbohydrate, or protein intakes at breakfast, but energy, carbohydrate, and protein intakes at lunch were significantly higher in EX-3 than in both CON and EX-1
Finlayson et al. (2009) [69]	24 women: Age = 24.0 (6.1); BMI = 22.3 (2.9); Activity level/fitness = NR	Control: 50 min sitting. Exercise: 50 min cycle ergometer at 70% of maximum HR.	Test meal offered 40 min post trial.	Estimated EEEx = 189.3 (13) kcal.	EI was not different between exercise and control conditions.
George & Morganstein (2003) [73]	24 sedentary women (12 normal and 12 overweight): Age = 35 (8); BMI = 22 (1) Normal weight; 28(1) overweight	Exercise = walking on a treadmill at 60% of max HR for 60 min. Non-exercise = sedentary activities for 60 min.	Ad libitum lunch at the university cafeteria. Test meal offered approximately 30 min post trial	Estimated EEEx = 150–200 kcal depending on body weight.	EI was not different between exercise and control in either normal or overweight women.
Harris et al. (2008) [61]	80 sedentary men: Age = 30 (8); BMI = range 22–29; 5 groups: 1) normal weight, low-restraint, non-dieting; 2) normal weight, high-restraint, non-dieting; 3) overweight, low-restraint, non-dieting; 4) overweight, high-restraint, non-dieting; and 5) overweight, high-restraint, dieting.	Control: 60 min rest. Exercise: 60 min treadmill exercise at 60–65% age-predicted max HR.	Ad libitum lunch at the university cafeteria. Other EI over 12 hrs post exercise was assessed by diet recall conducted by phone. Test meal offered approximately 15 min post trial.	EEEx = NR	Exercise had no significant impact on post exercise EI in any study group.
Imbeault et al. (1997) [51]	11 men: Age = 24.4 (3.3); BMI = 23.3 (2.3); VO₂ max = 56.7(5.0) ml/kg/min	Control: seated for the same duration as the low intensity exercise condition. Low intensity exercise: Treadmill walking at 35% VO₂ max, duration to reach EEEx of ∼2050 kJ. High intensity exercise: Treadmill running at 75% VO₂ max to reach EEEx of ∼2050 kJ.	Buffet meal 15 min post trial.	EEEx low intensity = 2054 (45) kJ. EEEx high intensity = 2022 (38) kJ.	There were no significant between group differences for absolute EI. Relative EI (EI minus net EEEx) was significantly lower for high intensity exercise than both control and low intensity exercise.
Jokisch et al. (2012) [78]	20 men; 10 active (exercise ≥150 min/wk); 10 inactive (exercise≤60 min/wk): Age = 21.2 (1.9); BMI = 23.4 (1.7)	Control: 45-min reading. Exercise; 45 min cycle ergometer at 65–75% of age predicted max HR to elicit EEEx of approximately 450 Kcal.	Ad libitum buffet lunch. Test meal offered 60 min post trial.	EEEx active = 456 (9) kcal/45 min. EEEx inactive = 451 (12) kcal/45 min both estimate using American College of Sports Medicine equations for energy expenditure during leg cycling.	EI was significantly lower at the ad libitum meal following exercise as compared to control in the inactive group. There was no effect of exercise on EI in the active group. No difference in meal macronutrient intake was found.
Keim et al. (1990) [90]	12 sedentary to moderately active women: Age = 30 (1); BMI = 27.7 (NR)	4 days acclimatization to exercise and 14 days at the specified exercise level. 3 conditions: No exercise (NO-EX): subjects maintained usual daily activity. Moderate duration exercise (M-EX): achieve an energy expenditure 12.5% above baseline. Long duration exercise (L-EX): achieve an energy expenditure 25% above baseline.	Participants were free-living. Required to report to a metabolic kitchen daily to consume breakfast and dinner, to pick up lunch and snacks, and to perform prescribed exercise programs.	EEEx goals for 12.5% and 25% above baseline were achieved with exercise at 72 (1)% of predicted VO₂ max for both exercise groups. Duration of exercise ranged from 31–49 min in the M-Ex group and 51–88 min in the L-EX group.	There were non-significant increases in EI in both the M-EX (5%) and L-EX (8%) groups. Daily intake of carbohydrates, protein or fat averaged over the study period was not affected by exercise.
Keim et al. (1996) [91]	15 weight reduced obese women, Aerobic exercise (n = 8): Age = 31 (2 SEM); BMI = 28.1 (1.6 SEM); Resistance exercise (n = 7):Age = 31 (3 SEM); BMI = 29.3 (2.0 SEM); Activity level/fitness = NR	14 days Aerobic exercise: Supervised treadmill exercise 5 days/wk, 75% VO₂ max, EEEx at 29% of RMR. Resistance exercise: Supervised, 1 set of 8 reps at 50–60% 1-RM.	All meals provided in a metabolic ward.	EEEx aerobic exercise = 354 kcal/session. EEEx resistance exercise = 96 kcal/session.	EI during the intervention was not significantly different from a 3 wk. control period in either the aerobic or resistance training groups. EI for both the aerobic and resistance training groups were not significantly different during the intervention period despite the higher levels of EEEx in the aerobic exercise group.
Kelly et al. (2012) [79] Normal hydration condition	10 men: Age = 21.4 (1.3); BMI = 23.9 (2.1) Active	Control: 45 min rest. Exercise: 45 min treadmill running at 70% VO₂ peak.	Buffet breakfast offered 30 min post trial.	EEEx = 2949 (207) kJ.	There was no significant difference in EI or macronutrient composition between trials. Relative EI (post-exercise EI minus (EEEx+EPOC) was significantly higher in control vs. the exercise trial.
King JA et al. (2010) [58]	14 men: Age = 21.9 (0.5 SEM); BMI = 23.4 (0.6 SEM); VO₂ max = 55.9 (1.8) ml/kg/min	Control: 7 hrs rest. Exercise: 60 min subjectively paced walk on a level motorized treadmill.	Ad libitum buffet foods that were identical for each meal. Test meal offered 30 min and 4 hrs post trial.	Walks were completed at a mean of 42.5(2)% of VO₂ max and generated a net EEEx (exercise minus rest) of 2008 (134) kJ.	EI was not significantly different between the control and brisk walking trials. After adjusting for the energy expenditure of walking, there was an energy deficit of 1836 (130) kJ in the brisk walking trial compared with the control trial. No significant between trial differences absolute energy intake from fat, CHO or PRO.
King JA et al. (2010) [57]	9 men: Age = 22.2 (0.8); BMI = 23.6 (0.4); VO₂ max = 60.5 (1.5) ml/kg/min	Control: 8.5 hrs rest. Exercise: 90 min treadmill run at 68.8 (0.8)% of max VO₂ followed by 8.5 hrs rest.	Ad libitum cold buffet offered at 2.5 and 9 hrs. Hot meal at 5.5 hrs.	Net energy expenditure (exercise minus rest) was EEEx = 5324 (186) kJ or 1273 (45) kcal.	No effect of trial on EI or macronutrient intake. After accounting for EEEx participants remained in energy deficit in the exercise as compared to the control trial.
King JA et al. (2011) [82]	12 men: Age = 23.4 (1); BMI = 22.8 (0.4); VO₂ max = 57.3 (1.2) ml/kg/min	Control: 7.5 hrs rest. Exercise: 90 min treadmill run at 70% VO2 max.	Test meal at 2 and 4.75 hrs. Buffet meal at 8 hrs.	Net EEEx (exercise minus rest) = 4715 (113) kJ.	No significant difference in EI or macronutrient intake between exercise and control.
King JA et al. (2011) [56]	14 active men: Age = 22 (0.5); BMI = 23.2 (0.6)	Control: 7.5 hrs rest. Exercise: Swimming – 6 ten min blocks at a moderate intensity (perceived exertion between 12 and 14).	Ad libitum buffet meal offered at 3 hrs (∼12:00) and 7.5 hrs (∼16:30) into the trial.	Net estimated EEEx (exercise minus resting)+1921 (83) kJ.	No significant difference in EI or macronutrient intake between swimming and control trials.
King NA et al. (1997) [94]	8 active men: Age = 26.0 (5.2); BMI = 22.4 (1.8)	Each condition was performed over 2 consecutive days. Control: No exercise (R1 and R2). Exercise (Ex1 and Ex 2): 2 session in one day of treadmill running at ∼70% max HR for 50 min (100 min at 70% max HR)	Food and drink intake were monitored using a set of digital weighing scales and a self-record diary.	The combined EEEx for both Ex sessions was 1200 kcal.	No significant differences in EI were noted between R1 and R2, Ex1 and Ex2 or Ex1 and R1 or Ex2 and R2. Also no differences between trials for PRO, FAT or CHO as a % of kcal intake.
King NA et al. (1996) [74]	13 women: Age = 22.6 (2.3); BMI = 21.9 (1.6); VO₂ max = 37.0 (3.0) ml/kg/min	Control: 50 min rest. Exercise: cycle ergometer, 50 min at 70% VO₂ max.	Ad libitum lunch containing either 7 high-fat foods or 7 low-fat foods. Test meal offered 15 min post trial.	EEEx was approximately 350 kcal at 73% VO₂ max.	EI after exercise increased slightly (9%), however was not significant when compared to the rest condition. EI was increased when participants consumed the high-fat lunch as compared to the low-fat lunch for both the rest and exercise conditions.
King NA et al. (1995) [59]	24 men; assigned to either a treadmill running (n = 12) or cycle ergometer (n = 12) study. Age = Run: 21.4 (3.4); Cycle: 24.4 (5.3); BMI = Run: 22.9 (NR); Cycle: 22.8 (NR); VO₂ max Cycle = 49.3 (2.2) ml/kg/min; VO₂ max Run = 47.9 (8.2)	4 test conditions for both the run and cycle groups. Control, high fat/low carb lunch options. Control, low fat/high carb lunch options. Exercise (70% VO₂ max), high fat/low carb lunch options. Exercise (70% VO₂ max), low fat/high carb lunch options.	Ad libitum test lunch. Ad libitum food provided for consumption on the rest of the day assessed by records. Test meal offered immediately post trial.	EEEx for both cycling and running was approximately 600 kcal over 45 min.	No significant main effect of exercise on EI; however, EI was higher when high fat/low carb food options were available. There was a significant main effect of exercise on relative energy intake (REI: test meal intake minus EEEX). REI was significantly suppressed in the low fat/high carb treatment but not the high fat/low carb treatment vs. control.
King NA et al. (1994) [60] Intensity trial	11 active men: Age = (range 21–27); BMI = 24.2 (NR)	Control: Seated rest for ∼45 min. High intensity exercise: Cycle at 70% VO₂ max ∼30 min (mean = 27 min). Low Intensity Exercise: Cycle at 30% of VO₂max for ∼60 min (mean = 63 min).	Ad libitum test meal offered 15 min following completion of the trial. EI over the rest of the experimental day was assessed by food records.	EEEx high intensity = 340 (27.6) Kcals. EEEx low intensity = 359 (41.5) Kcals.	No significant difference in absolute EI or macronutrient intake at the test meal between the 3 treatments. Food diary data showed no significant difference between the 3 treatments for the remainder of the day.
King NA et al. (1994) [60] Duration trial	12 active men: Age = range (22–31); BMI = 23.2 (2.2)	Control: Seated rest for ∼45 min. Short duration exercise: 26 min at 70% VO₂ max. Long duration exercise: 52 min at 70% VO₂ max.	Same as above	EEx short duration = 296 (38.4) kcal. EEEx long duration = 541 (52.2) kcal.	No significant difference in absolute EI or macronutrient intake at the test meal between the 3 treatments. Food diary data showed no significant difference between the 3 treatments for the remainder of the day.
Kissileff et al. (1990) [75] Non-Obese Participants	9 sedentary women: Age = 22.7 (4.9); BMI = 21.1 (1.8)	Control: 40 min rest. Strenuous exercise: 40 min at 90 watts on a cycle ergometer. Moderate exercise: 40 min at 30 watts on a cycle ergometer.	Test meal offered 15 min post trial.	EEEx strenuous exercise = 246.8 (24.3) Kcal. EEEx moderate exercise = 113.7 (36.7) kcal.	EI was significantly reduced compared to control following strenuous but not moderate exercise.
Kissileff et al. (1990) [75] Obese Participants	9 sedentary women: Age = 24.3 (4.9); BMI = 27.7 (0.9)	Same as above	Same as above	EEEx strenuous exercise = 237.2 (25.1) kcal. EEEx moderate exercise = 143.2 (33.3)	EI was not significantly different across conditions.
Laan et al. (2010) [65]	10 men, 9 women: Age = 22.3 (2.5); BMI = 22.5 (1.8); VO₂ max = 60.1 (22.5) ml/kg/min	Control: 35 min rest. Aerobic exercise: 35 min cycling at 70% HRR. Resistance exercise: 5 exercises, 3 sets at 70% 1 RM, 2 sets of 10 repetitions and a 3^rd set to voluntary fatigue or 12 repetitions.	Test meal (large bowl of pasta salad) offered 30 min post trial.	Estimated EEEx = 290 (7) kcal for aerobic and 80 (2) kcal for resistance exercise.	EI was higher in both aerobic and resistance exercise trials compared with control. Relative EI (EI – EEEx) was lower in aerobic exercise compared with the resistance and control trials.
Larson-Meyer et al. (2012) [76] Runner sample	9 women: Age = 23.7 (2.4); BMI = 19.8 (1.0); VO₂ max = 49.7 (3.0) ml/kg/min	Control: 3 hrs rest. Exercise: 60 min treadmill run at 70% VO₂ max.	Test meal offered 2 hrs post trial.	EEEx = 483.1 (49.7) kcal.	EI and macronutrient intake were not significantly different between exercise and control trials. REI was significantly lower following exercise vs. control.
Larson-Meyer et al. (2012) [76] Walker sample	10 women: Age = 24.6 (6.9); BMI = 21.1 (3.4); VO₂ max = 33.9 (3.7) ml/kg/min	Control: 3 hrs rest. Exercise: 60 min treadmill walk at 70% VO₂ max.	Same as above	EEEx = 324.6 (138.1) Kcal.	EI was not significantly different in exercise vs. control trials. PRO and fat intake was significantly higher following exercise vs. control.
Lluch et al. (1998) [71]	12 women: Age = 21.7 (2.2); BMI = 22.6 (1.9); VO₂ max = 41.0 (4.4) ml/kg/min	Rest- low fat: 50 min rest - low fat test meal. Rest-high fat: 50 min rest - high fat test meal. Exercise-low fat: 50 min cycle at 70% VO₂ max-low fat test meal. Exercise-high fat: 50 min cycle at 70% VO₂ max-low fat test meal.	Test meal (lunch) offered 20 min post trial.	EEEx exercise-low fat trial = 425 (60) kcal. EEEx exercise-high fat trial = 422 (59) kcal.	Neither EI at the test meal nor EI during the rest of the day were significantly different between the exercise and rest conditions for either diet. When controlling for EEEx, exercise decreased relative EI by 43%. Therefore there was no energy compensation in response to exercise during the following lunch test meal.
Lluch et al. (2000) [70]	13 women (unrestrained eaters: URE): Age = 22.6 (2.3); BMI = 21.9 (1.6); VO₂ max = 37.0 (3.3) ml/kg/min. 12 women (restrained eaters: RE): Age = 21.7 (2.2); BMI = 22.6 (1.9); VO₂ max = 41.0 (4.4) ml/kg/min	Same as above	Test meal (lunch) was offered immediately post trial.	EEEx unrestrained eaters = 1455 (213) kJ. EEEx restrained eaters = 1772 (242) kJ.	There was a significant main effect of lunch type on EI with EI increased in both high fat conditions compared with low fat. The exercise by group interaction on EI was not significant: URE increased EI after exercise whereas in RE the EI tended to decrease. When exercise induced EE was controlled for, there was a significant effect of lunch type, exercise and exercise by group interaction on relative EI: exercise decreased relative EI when compared to rest and this difference was higher in restrained compared to unrestrained eaters.
Maraki et al. (2005) [63]	12 sedentary women: Age = 28 (6.4); BMI = 21.3 (1.6)	Control: 60 min rest. Exercise: 60 min aerobic and muscle conditioning exercise classes. Each trial was done both in the morning (0815 to 0915) nd in the evening (1915 to 2015).	Diet was assessed on each trial day by 24-hr diet record.	Estimated EEEx exercise trial = 1233 (106.8) kJ. Estimated EEEx control trial = 234 (20.3) kJ.	No significant difference between the 4 trials in daily EI.
Martins et al. (2007) [68]	6 sedentary to active women, 6 sedentary to active men: Age = 25.9 (4.6); BMI = 22.0 (3.2)	Control: 60 min rest. Exercise: 60 min intermittent cycle ergometer exercise at 65% of each subject's estimated max HR (2 min warming up+17 min exercise+3 min break+17 min exercise+3 min break+17 min exercise+2 min cooling down)	Buffet test meal offered 1-hr post trial.	Estimated EE control session = 197 (37) kcal. Estimated EEEx = 492 (92) kcal.	Absolute EI at the buffet meal was significantly higher in the exercise vs, the control trial. No significant differences were observed in the percentage of energy provided by either PRO, fat or CHO. REI was significantly lower following the exercise vs with control.
Melby et al. (2002) [54] Non-carbohydrate supplement group	13 women: Age = 23 (0.8); BMI = 21.6 (0.2); VO₂ max = 39.6 (0.9) ml/kg/min	Control: ∼76 min rest. Exercise: Cycle ergometer exercise at 65% VO₂ peak to produce a net energy cost of ∼500 kcal.	Buffet meal offered 90 min post trial.	Net EEEx = 517 (6) kcal.	No significant differences between control and exercise trials in EI or macronutrient intake either at the test meal or food consumed over the remainder of the day.
O'Donoghue et al. (2010) [55]	9 men: Age = 20.3; BMI = 22.4 (1.6); VO₂ max = 58.8 (5.6) ml/kg/min	Control: 45 min rest. Exercise: 45 min treadmill running at 75% VO₂ peak. Exercise was performed at 7 AM or 5 PM.	Buffet breakfast, lunch and dinner were offered on trial days.	EEEx AM exercise = 2,831 (519) kJ.EEEx PM exercise = 2898 (570) kJ.	No significant differences between trials in absolute EI or macronutrient intake. REI was significantly lower post exercise compared with control; i.e., REI during the breakfast was significantly lower after AM exercise than either PM exercise or control. REI during the evening period was significantly lower after PM exercise than for the control trial and tended to be lower than the AM exercise trial. However, over the total 26- hr period REI was similar between all trials.
Pomerleau et al. (2004) [52]	13 women: Age = 22.2 (2); BMI = 22.2 (4); VO₂ max = 44.0 (4.7) ml/kg/min	Control: rest 75 min. Low intensity exercise = treadmill walking at 40% VO₂ peak. High intensity exercise = treadmill walking at 70% VO₂ peak. Duration to achieve EEEx of ∼350 kcal at both exercise intensities.	Buffet lunch offered 1-hr post trial. Afternoon snacks were provided. Participants returned at 5:30 PM for a dinner buffet-type meal and left with a second bag of snacks for the evening.	EEEx low intensity exercise = 350.6 (11.1) kcal. EEEx high intensity exercise = 358.6 (10.3 kcal.	EI at lunchtime was significantly increased following high but not low intensity exercise compared to control. REI at lunchtime for both the high and low intensity exercise sessions was significantly lower than control. No significant between trial differences in total daily absolute or REI.
Stubbs et al. (2002) [89]	6 men: Age = 31 (5); BMI = 23.3 (2.4); VO₂ max = 39.5 (1.5 SEM) ml/kg/min	9-day protocol with 3 conditions: Control: no additional exercise. Moderate exercise = 2×40 min sessions/day at 21.4 kJ/kg/day, cycle ergometer. High exercise = 3×40 min exercise session/day at 42.8 kJ/kg/day, cycle ergometer. Exercise performed on days 3–9.	On days 1–2 of the study subjects consumed a mandatory maintenance diet (estimated at 1.6×RMR). Throughout the subsequent 7 days they had ad libitum access to their normal daily diet. They weighed all food items and fluids on Portable Electronic Tape Recording Automated scales.	Total daily EE: Control = 11.7 MJ/day. Moderate exercise = 12.9 MJ/day. High exercise = 16.8 MJ/day.	There were no significant differences in total daily food, EI or macronutrient composition of the diet between treatments.
Stubbs et al. (2002) [87]	6 women: Age = 23.0 (0.6); BMI = 21.4 (1.0); VO₂ max = 33.4 (2.5) ml/kg/min	Same as above	Same as above	Total daily EE: EE control = 9.2 MJ/day. EEEx moderate exercise = 11.0 MJ/day. EEEx high exercise = 12.1 MJ/day.	EI was significantly higher in the high exercise treatment vs. control, but not different from the moderate exercise treatment. No significant between group differences for energy from protein; however, energy from both fat and CHO were significantly higher for the high exercise treatment vs. control.
Stubbs et al. (2004) [92]	6 men: Age = 23 (2.3); BMI = 22.2 (2.4); Activity level/fitness = NR	7-day whole room calorimeter protocol with 2 conditions: Sedentary: 2×40 min cycle ergometer sessions to increase daily energy expenditure to 1.4×RMR. Active: 3×40 min cycle ergometer sessions to increase daily energy expenditure to 1.8×RMR.	All meals provided. Food items were weighed before and after each meal.	Sedentary daily EE = 9.75 MJ. Active daily EE = 12.77 MJ.	No significant differences in EI or macronutrient intake between treatments.
Schneider et al. (2009) [66]	43 sedentary women, 22 sedentary men: Age = 34.4 (10.8); BMI = 33.5 (5.5)	Control: 3 min sitting. Active: 3 min step test, up and down a 17.5 cm bench at 92 steps/min.	Participants were offered two 800 kcal portions of cookies and chips (1600 kcal total) 10 min following the trial.	EEEx = NR	No significant differences in EI between conditions.
Shorten et al. (2009) [84] Neutral temperature condition	11 men: Age = 20.8 (2.1); BMI = 24.1 (2.3); VO₂ max = 53.8 (8.9) ml/kg/min	Control: 40 min rest. Exercise: 40 min treadmill running at 70% VO₂ peak.	Buffet breakfast offered ∼30 min post trial.	EEEx = 2375 (280) kJ	EI was significantly higher following exercise vs. control. No significant difference in REI between exercise and control. No significant difference for PRO, fat or CHO intake as percentage of total EI.
Staten et al. (1991) [93]	10 men, 10 women: Age = NR; BMI = 22.1 (NR); VO₂ max men = 47.3 (6.2) ml/kg/min; VO₂ max women = 36.9 (6.0) ml/kg/min	5 day protocol with 2 conditions: Sedentary: Usual daily activities. Active: 60 min of daily treadmill exercise at 70% VO₂ max	All food obtained from a metabolic kitchen.	EEEx for men = 669 (126) kcal/day. EEEx for women = 441 (92) kcal/day.	Significant increase in EI for men, but not women, in the exercise vs. the sedentary condition. However, REI estimates indicated that both men and women were in negative caloric balance during the exercise period.
Tremblay et al. (1994) [95]	9 men: Age = 28.3 (6.1); BMI = 23.9 (NR); VO₂ max = 54.7 (6.6) ml/kg/min	Control: 60 min rest. Exercise: 60 min treadmill walk at 55–60% VO₂ max.	EI over 48 hrs post trial was assessed when participants were offered low fat, high fat or mixed diet obtained from a metabolic kitchen.	EEEx = 2.8 (0.4) MJ	EI following exercise for both the low-fat and mixed-diet conditions were not different from control. However, when subjects ate the high-fat diet ad lib following exercise EI increased about 5.5 MJ/48 hr.
Tsofliou et al. (2003) [72]	10 women: Age = 50.0 (8.5); BMI = 37.2 (6.5); Activity level/fitness = NR	Control: 30 min sitting. Exercise: 29 min brisk walk indoors, under supervision at ∼13 on the RPE scale.	Buffet dinner presented 1-hr post trial	EEEx = NR. Exercise HR was 123 (18) bests/min at an RPE of 14 (2).	No significant difference in EI or macronutrient intake between trials.
Ueda et al. (2009) [85]	10 men: Age = 23.4 (4.3); BMI = 22.5 (1.0); VO₂ max = 45.9 (8.5) ml/kg/min	Control: 30 min sitting. Exercise: 30 min recumbent cycle, moderate intensity (50% VO₂ max). Exercise: 30 min recumbent cycle, high intensity (75% VO₂ max).	Test meal offered 30 min post trial.	EEEx = NR	EI was significantly lower following both high and low intensity exercise vs. control. EI was not different between the moderate and high intensity trials.
Ueda et al. (2009) [86]	14 men: 7 normal weight, 7 obese. Normal weight: Age = 22.4 (4.2); BMI = 22.4 (2.4); VO₂ max = 46.6 (3.9) ml/kg/min. Obese: Age = 22.9 (3.4); BMI = 30.0 (3.1); VO₂ max = 34.0 (6.3) ml/kg/min	Control: 60 min sitting. Exercise: 60 min cycle ergometer at 50% VO₂ max.	Test meal offered 2 hrs post trial.	EEEx = NR	EI and REI was significantly lower following exercise vs control session. There were significant differences in EI and REI between normal weight and obese males, suggesting a greater energy deficit due to exercise in obese compared with normal weight men.
Unick et al. (2010) [53]	19 sedentary women: Age = 28.5 (8.3 ); BMI = 32.5 (4.3)	Control: ∼40 min rest. Exercise: Treadmill walk at 70–75% of age-predicted max HR with a duration to elicit EEEx of 3 kcal/kg body weight.	Buffet of a variety of snack foods offered 60 min post trial.	EE rest = 44.3 (8.9) kcal. EEEx = 353.6 (71.9) kcal.	EI was not significantly different between control and exercise trials. REI was significantly lower following the exercise vs control.
Vatansever-Ozen et al. (2011) [80]	10 men: Age = 20.1 (0.2); BMI = 23.0 (0.4); VO₂ max = 62.7 (5.1) ml/kg/min	Control: 4- hrs rest. Exercise: 120 min total – 105 min at 50% max VO₂ and 15 min at 70% max VO₂.	Buffet meal offered 1-hr post trial.	EEEx = 230 (20) kcal.	EI was not significantly different between trials.
Verger et al. (1992) [67]	5 active women: Age = Range 20–25; BMI = 19.5 (1.7). 8 active men: Age = Range 20–25; BMI = 23.4 (1.5)	Control: 3 hrs rest. Exercise: 2 hrs of non-stop athletic activities of similar intensity planned to be sub-maximal and aerobic.	Test meal offered immediately post trial or 30, 60 or 120 min post trial.	Estimated EEEx = 500 kcal.	EI for the meal consumed 60 min post exercise was significantly greater than control. EI increased as time post exercise increased. The increases from immediately post to 60 min post exercise and from immediately post to 120 min post exercise were statistically significant. Males and females responded similarly.
Verger et al. (1994) [83]	58 active men: Age = Range 18–22; BMI = 21.3 (1.6)	Participants were randomly assigned to: Control (n = 30): 2 hrs rest. Exercise (n = 28): 2 hrs of non-stop, submaximal athletic activities.	Buffet meal offered 30 min post trial.	Estimated EE control = 100 kcal/hr. Estimated EEEx = 400 kcal/hr.	EI post exercise was significantly higher than control.
Visona et al. (2002) [62]	36 sedentary women: Age = 26.0 (7.0); BMI = 27.0 (3.0). 3 groups of 12 representing dieting status and dietary restraint: 1. Dieter/High Restraint (D-HR) 2. Non-Dieter/High Restraint (ND-HR).3. Non-Dieter/Low Restraint (ND-LR).	Control: 60 min sitting. Exercise: 60 min treadmill walk at 60–70% max HR.	Cafeteria lunch offered 30 min post trial. 12 hr EI included the lunch plus all food consumed until bedtime on the experimental day assessed by food record.	EEEx = NR	There was a significant main effect of dieting/restraint status on lunch EI. The ND-LR group ate significantly more across the 2 trials than the D-HR group. There was a significant interaction of dieting/restraint status and condition (exercise vs. control) on 12-hr EI. The mean difference in 12-hr EI between the exercise and control day was significantly higher for the D-HR compared with the ND-HR group.
Whybrow et al. (2008) [88]	6 sedentary to moderately active women: Age = 24.7 (5.9); BMI = 22.9 (1.6). 6 sedentary to moderately active men: Age = 29.7 (5.9); BMI = 24.2 (2.2)	Participants were resident in, but not confined to a human nutrition research facility for 16 days (2 days run in, 14 days active intervention). Control: Usual activity. Moderate exercise = 2×40 min sessions on a cycle ergometer to expend 28.6 kJ/kg body weight. High exercise = 3×40 min sessions on a cycle ergometer to expend 57.1 kJ/kg body weight.	All meals selected from a menu of foods prepared by the research facility.	Women: EEEx moderate trial = 2.0 MJ/day. EEEx high trial = 3.8 MJ/day. Men: EEEx moderate trial = 2.8 MJ/day. EEEx high trial = 4.9 MJ/day.	Women: No significant between trial differences in average daily EI or macronutrient composition. Men: Average daily EI and energy from carbohydrate, fat and protein increased significantly with increased EEEx.

Note, Values are means (standard deviation) unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations: CHO = carbohydrate; EEEx = exercise energy expenditure; EI = energy intake; NR = not reported; PRO = protein; REI = relative energy intake; kcal = kilocalories; MJ = megajoules; KJ = kilojoules; hrs = hours; min = minutes; wk = week.